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ERS 383 > Tropical Forested Landscapes and landforms > Flashcards

Tropical Forested Landscapes and landforms Flashcards

1
Q

with increasing elevation

A

moisture increases
condencastion increases
temperature deceases 6c/ 1km

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2
Q

Montane forest

A
  • small trees (elfin forest)
  • heavy mist and fog
  • fewer lianas
  • fewer butteresed treees
  • forest stratification not pronounced
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3
Q

Tree biomass and height increase with

A

altitude

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4
Q

Tropical Cloud forest

A
  • unique biota, golend toads, mosses, orchids and ferns
  • staure of tree not as high as low elevation forests
  • diminished sunlight fue to fog
  • 7000mm/yr of rain
  • decreased evap rat limiting nutirent uptake from soil, limits productivity
  • ## soils saturated with water and acidic similar to peat lands
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5
Q

cloud forest conservation

A
  • loss exceeds that of rainforest
  • deforestation due to timber
  • urbanizarion
  • hunting, forest fires
  • ## climate change
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6
Q

High elevation Tropical Ecosystems

A
  • above tree line
  • located within the topical belt but shows apline features
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7
Q

Tropical dty forests characterisics

A
  • defined by dry szn which can vary upto six months
  • mosture suffient for tree gtowth 1000mm/yr
  • wet szn lush green
  • dry szn dry brown
  • high temp all year long
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8
Q

Tropical dty forests biota

A
  • biota adapted for periodic dry szns
  • deciduous lraves dropped
  • less stratification
  • lower diversity than rainforests
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9
Q

Mngrove forests

A
  • found on lakes or ocean coasts in the tropics
  • nuresuries for many fish
  • ## protect form marine energy
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10
Q

where are mangrove forests found

A
  • delta of large rivers
  • brackishwater
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11
Q

Mangrove Trees

A
  • short trees 3 to 6 m upt to 27 m
  • evergreen, small tough leaves
  • aerial roots
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12
Q

Mangrove rosest conservation

A
  • being repaced by fish farms and rice paddies
  • protect shore line form storms
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13
Q

Types of mangrove

A
  • red mangrove
  • black mangrove
  • White
  • Buttonwood
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14
Q

Red mangrove

A
  • reddish bark
  • stunted growth due to p
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15
Q

Black mangrove

A
  • shallow tall roots
  • able to survie under anxioc consitions
  • can grow to 20m
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16
Q

White mangrove

A
  • Grows in higher elevation
  • not as tolerant to salty conditions
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17
Q

Buttonwood Mangrove

A
  • growns away form salt
  • leas salt tolerant mangrove
18
Q

half of all tropical regions used to be ______ now they are _____ and _____

A

foresrs , savanna desert

19
Q

Origins of Tropical forests

Devonian 430 mya

A
  • multi strata swamp forest
  • dominated by seeless vascular plants vines and ferns
  • warm, humid
20
Q

Origins of Tropical forests

Carboniferous 350 mya

A
  • dominated by , deep rooted veg, gymnosperms 40 m high, limbers and vines
  • well drained soils
  • C stored in swamp form Devonian
21
Q

Origins of Tropical forests

Mezozoic 220mya

A
  • dry equatorial forests
  • domianted by monsoon climate
22
Q

Modern Rainforests:Dominant Forest Types

Asia

A
  • youngest forest , leaset infuenced by humans
  • 75% of original rmains
  • very high in biodiversity
22
Q

Origins of Tropical forests

Cretaceous 70 mya

A
  • wet climate
  • dominated by angiospirm
  • reminisent of modern tropical forests
  • spread across larger part of the world than today
23
Q

Modern Rainforests:Dominant Forest Types

Mainland Africa

A
  • forest palms, low species diversity
24
Q

Modern Rainforests:Dominant Forest Types

madagascar

A

isolated distinct fauna and lora
dry deciduous

25
Q

Modern Rainforests:Dominant Forest Types

Central America

A

lianas
Highly diverse

26
Q

Dissapring tropical forests

A

used to cover 14% of total global land surface
now cover 6%
in 40 years they will be gon

27
Q

Average percentage of protected rainforesrt

A

20%

28
Q

The Driving Forces of Destruction

Commerical & illegal logging

A
  • largest contributer of tropical forest loss
  • hardwood timber
  • pult & paper
  • fuelwood
  • illegal logging
29
Q

The Driving Forces of Destruction

Agricultural

A
  • conversion to livestock pasture and crop lands often monocorping
  • subsistence/individual farming
30
Q

Govenment incentives

A
  • increases gov insentive in the form of loans and infrastructure spensinf, including roads and dams
  • scaled up private sector finace due to growing intrest in emerging markents and risnf gomestic wealth
31
Q

Who consumes tropical hardwood

A
  • japan 11milli m3/yr
  • increasing global demand
  • exporting counties have depleated thier resources and have become importers too
  • phillipines, nigeria, ivory cost anf thailand
32
Q

why arw tropical woods logged and which trees are logged?

A
  • furniture, building mats, charcoal, wood products
  • Teak, Mahogany and Rosewood
33
Q

Teak

A
  • large deciduos tree
  • found in india, java, burma
  • ## durable resistant to disease
34
Q

Mohagany

A
  • mexico to peru
  • tallest tree in the neo tropics
  • most traded tree
  • ## maybecome endangered
35
Q

Rosewood

A

Tropical AMERICA, se ASIA mADAGASCAR
30 m tall
sweet smell
uses:
- music industry furniture, flooring

36
Q

Economic value of hardwood

A
  • large economic value
  • easty way for poor country to make profit
  • most profits are made by multinatuonal companies and the governments they work with
37
Q

illrgal logging

A
  • high price demand for timber regardless of origin
  • poor counties and ppl needing to make money
  • great temptation due to high profits
38
Q

Fuelwood and Paper Industries

A
  • manufactured in develpong counties
  • products are exported for profits
  • charcoal used to produce steel
  • pulp is global insustry for paper
39
Q

pulp mills

A
  • worlds largest pulp mill aracruz brazi;
  • 500,000 tons /year
  • first work counties by form here
40
Q

LIVESTOCK PASTURES & CROPS

A
  • land overstocked with livestock leading st sustainability issues
  • priductive for 3-5 years
  • ## land is then abandoned to become a secondart forest or a sananna )

ERS 383 (5 decks)

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