Trunk and Upper Limb Bones Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What is a vertebrae?
A
smallest structural and functional units of spine
2
Q
What forms the spinous process?
A
fusion of lamina
3
Q
What is the vertebral arch associated with?
A
pedicles
4
Q
What is congenital malformation
A
bad formation
5
Q
What is spinabifidia
A
spinous process has not formed
6
Q
What is a facet?
A
small face, articulating surfaces
7
Q
What forms the vertebral foramen
A
made between the body and vertebral arch
8
Q
What forms the intervertebral foramen
A
foramen made between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
9
Q
What does a typical vertebrae contain?
A
body, vertebral arch, articular processes, transverse processes, spinous process, pedicle, laminae, superior vertebral notch and inferior vertebral notch
10
Q
How many vertebrae are in the cervical region
A
7
11
Q
What are typical cervical vertebrae?
A
C3, C4, C5,C6
12
Q
What are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region?
A
C1, C2, C7
13
Q
What are the main common features of cervical vertebrae?
A
small body, transverse foramen in transverse process, bifurcated spinous process, and anterior + posterior tubercle
14
Q
Why are the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae bifurcated?
A
for the attachment of the nuchal ligament
15
Q
Where is the uncinate process (uncus) located? What does it form?
A
C3-C7 on the sides of the superior surface of the bodies
forms uncovertebral joint
16
Q
Why is C7 considered an atypical cervical vertebra?
A
its spinous process is not bifurcated
17
Q
What is the vertebral prominence?
A
C7
18
Q
What are the special features of C1? What is the name?
A
Atlas
- no body
- lacks laminae and pedicles
- no articular process
- no spinous process
- lateral mass on either side
- articular surfaces for occipital condyles and axis, and odontoid process of axis
19
Q
What are the special features of C2? What is the name
A
Axis
-odontoid process (dens axis): attached to superior surface of the body, permists otation of atlas on the axis bon
20
Q
What are the movements of the Atlantoaxial Joint (AAJ)
A
rotation of the head
21
Q
What does costo/costal refer to?
A
ribs
22
Q
What is the costal surface of a typical thoracic vertebrae for?
A
articulating with ribs
23
Q
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?
A
12
24
Q
What are costal facets for on a typical thoracic vertebrae? Where are they located?
A
heads of the ribs articulate here, present of the sides of the bodies
25
Where are the transverse costal facets located on a typical thoracic vertebrae? What are they for?
on the transverse processes for articulation with tubercles of the ribs
26
What are the typical thoracic vertebra?
T2-T8
27
What are the atypical vertebra of the thoracic spine?
T1, T9-T12
28
Why is T1 atypical?
on either side of the body an entire articular facet for the first rib, and a semi-facet for the upper half of the head of the second rib
29
Why is T9 atypical
have no inferior semi facet
30
Why is T10 atypical
an entire articular facet on either side which is placed partially on the lateral surface of the pedicle
31
Why is T11 atypical
aritcular facets for head of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on the pedicles.
transverse processes have no articular facets for turbercle of rib 11
32
Why is T12 atypical
articular facts for the heads of the ribs are of large size and placed chiefly on pedicles
transverse processes have no articular facets for tubercle of 12th rib
33
True or false:spinous processes in thoracic region are less oblique/ inclined than cervical/lumbar vertebra
false: spinous processes in thoracic region are MORE oblique/incline than cervial/lumbar because they allow less movement
34
What is the lease moveable of all vertebral regions?
thoracic
35
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?
5
36
What are the features of a lumbar vertebrae?
```
body is massive and kindey shaped
pedicles are strong
laminae are thick
transverse processes are long and slender
mammillary process
accessory process
```
37
What is a mammillary process? Where is it found
found at posterior margin of superior articular process of lumbar vertebrae
gives attachment to matifidus muscle
38
What is an accessory process? Where is it found?
found on posterior border of transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
for ligament attachment
39
What is the vertebral canal composed of and what does it contain?
composed of vertebral foraminia, contains spinal cord and meningies
40
What forms intervertebral foramen? What are they for?
made between two adjacent vertebrae, spinal nerves emerge
41
Why to vertebrae get larger from the cervical to the lumbar region
they bear more weight
42
Describe the secondary curve
cervial: convex anteriorly
thoracic: concave anteriorly
lumbar: convex anteriorly
sacral: concave anteriorly
43
Describe the primary curve
is convex posteriorly and concave anteriorly
44
After birth gradually the curvatures form, when and in what region do they appear ( in order )
sacral and thoracic in womb
2-3 months cervical
12-18 months lumbar
45
What is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
46
How many bones compose the sacral region?
5 FUSED bones
47
What does the sacrum articulate with?
upper border: L5
inferior border: coccyx
laterally articulates with hip bones to form sacroiliac joints
48
What is the sacral canal
vertebral foramina to form sacral canal
49
How many sacral crests are there? What are they formed by?
3
on the posterior surface of sacrum fromed by the fusion of spinous, articular and transverse processes of sacral vertebrae to form bony ridges
50
How many sacral foramina are there? What are they?
4 pairs
| sacral foramina = intervertebral foramina
51
What is the sacral hiatus?
formed by non union of laminae from S5 and is covered by soft tissue
52
what is the promontory of the sacrum
bony landmark used for pelvimetry measurement of pelvis diameter
53
What is the sacral ala?
one the sides of the first sacral vertebrae there are 2 triangular flat surfaces
54
What is the coccyx, where is it?
inferior to the sacrum, made by 4-5 fused coccyxial vertebrae
55
What bones does the coxal bone consist of
illium: superior
ischium: inferior posterior
pubis: inferior anterior
56
What is the symphyseal surface?
on pubis, joints hip bones to for pubic symphysis
57
What does a typical rib contain?
head, neck, tubercle, articular portion, non articular portion, shaft/body, angle, costal groove
58
What is the costal groove?
on the inferior border of a typical rib, accommodates intercostal vessels and nerve
59
Describe the head of a typical rib
had two semi facets for articulation with the numerically corresponding lateral side vertebral body and that of the vertebra immediately above
60
Describe the neck of a typical vertebra
constricted portion situated between the head of the tubercle
61
Describe the tubercle of a typical rib
prominence on the outer surface of the rib at the junction of the neck with the shaft, consists of articular portion and non articular portion
62
Describe the articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib
has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of the numerically corresponding vertebra
63
Describe the non articular portion of the tubercle of a typical rib
gives attachment to ligaments
64
describe a typical rib
long, twisted flat bone having as superior border and an inferior border
65
Describe the shaft/body of a typical rib
thin and flattened and twisted on its long axia
66
Describe the angle of a typical rib
where the shaft of the ribs bends sharply forward
67
What are the two ways to classify ribs?
typical vs atypical
true vs false
68
What are the typical ribs?
R3-R8
69
What are the atypical ribs?
R1, R2 ,R9, R10, R11, R12
70
What are the true ribs?
R1-R7
71
What are the false ribs?
R8-R12
72
What are the free ribs?
R11-R12
73
Why is R1 atypical?
is flattened from above downward
Scalene tubercle: tubercle on medial border
no angle or costal groove
head has only one articular surface for body of T1
74
Why is R2 atypical
oriented in a plane between sagittal and horizontal, lacks costal groove
75
Why is R10 atypical
has a single articular facet on its head
76
Why is R11+R12 atypical
no neck, no tubercle
R11 has slight angle and a shallow costal groove
R12 has no angle an no costal groove
77
What is the sternum?
flat bone that is divided into 3 parts: manubirum, body and xiphiod process
78
Describe the manubrium
upper part of sternum that articulates with clavicles, first and upper part of costal cartilages are each side
79
What is the suprasternal notch (jugular notch)?
large visible ditch where clavicle joins sternum
80
Describe the body of the sternum
articulates superiorly with manubrium and inferiorly with the xiphoid process
on each side has notches for articulation with lower part of second costal cartilate and 3-7 costal cartilages
81
Describe the xiphoid process
lowest and smallest part of the sternum
82
What is the sternal angle? What is it also known as?
AKA angle of louis, manubriosternal joint
angle formed by junction of the manubium and body of the sternum in the form of cartilaginous joint
marks approximate level of 2nd par of costal cartilages and level of intervertebral disk between T4-T5
83
How many ribs do we have, where do they articulate
12 pairs that articulate posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae
84
Why is it called true ribs
articulate with sternum directly via their OWN costal cartilage
85
Why is it called false ribs
articulate with sternum indirectly via their own coastal cartilage attaching to the coastal cartilage of R7
86
Why are they called free/floating ribs
no not articulate with sternum
87
What are intercostal spaces
spaces in between the ribs
88
What does the thorax refer to?
sternum, 12 pairs of ribs, 12 thoracic v
89
What makes up the superior thoracic aperture
region just superior to first rib and opening between clavical and first rib
90
What makes up the inferior thoracic aperture
formed by T12, R11+R12 and costal cartilages of R7-R10 and costal margin
91
What is the coastal margin
lower edge of thorax formed by bottom edge of rib cage
