Trunk- Osteology, anthrology and musculature of vertebral column and pelvic girdle

Question 1

what two curvatures are present embryologically and are carried through during birth, thus PRIMARY

Answer 1

Thoracic and Sacral - both are convex posteriorly yielding the curvature of the fetal position

Question 2

what in the spine develops postnatally as a result of head support and locomotion

Answer 2

secondary curvatures - lumbar and cervical - both convex anteriorly

Question 3

exaggerated posterior curvature

Answer 3

kyphosis

Question 4

The loss of turgidity of the nucleus pulposus contributes to

Answer 4

kyphosis

Question 5

Pathologically, kyphosis is a response to muscular changes following the recovery from _________ infection

Answer 5

Poliomyelitis

Question 6

exaggerated anterior curvature of the spine

Answer 6

lordosis

Question 7

abnormal lateral curvature

Answer 7

scoliosis

Question 8

Large cylindrical mass that increases in size inferiorly through the lumbar region and then decreases in size through the coccygeal region

Answer 8

body of vertebra

Question 9

Why are the superior and inferior surfaces of bodies of vertebrae marked by a roughened circumference and a smooth center?

Answer 9

the attachement of the annulus fibrosus fibrocartilage of the intervertebral disc and a smooth center of hyaline cartilage corresponding to the position of the nucleus pulposus

Question 10

what encloses the vertebral foramen

Answer 10

vertebral arch

Question 11

what is the term for the canal formed by all the vertebral foraminae collectively?

Answer 11

vertebral canal

Question 12

paired structures that span the distance between the body and the transverse processes

Answer 12

pedicles

Question 13

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 13

spinal nerve

Question 14

paired structures that span the distance between the transverse process and the spinous process

Answer 14

lamina

Question 15

Which process of the vertebrae act as leverage by the attachment of the deep back muscles

Answer 15

TP

Question 16

another word for articular processes

Answer 16

zygapophysis

Question 17

what type of joints are the facet joints?

Answer 17

synovial planar

Question 18

why is extension compromised in the cervical region

Answer 18

overlapping spinous processes

Question 19

why is flexion limited in the lumbar region

Answer 19

massive size of the bodies

Question 20

pubic symphysis is a __________ joint

Answer 20

fibrocartilaginous

Question 21

sacroiliac joints are __________ joints

Answer 21

synovial planar

Question 22

Erector spinae group

Answer 22

Iliocostalis, Longissimus, spinalis

Question 23

number of cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebrae respectively

Answer 23

7,12,5

also 5 fused sacral and 4 fused as coccyx

Question 24

Which two muscles in the back do not have the common innervation of the dorsal rami of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves?

Answer 24

Splenius cervicis - Dorsal rami of spinal nerves C4-8

Splenius capitis - C3-C5

Question 25

Generally, which group of muscles originate on the TP and insert on the SP

Answer 25

Deep (transversospinalis group) | Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores

Question 26

Origin of iliocostalis muscles

Answer 26

common broad tendon from post iliac crest sacrum sacroiliac ligaments spinous processes of sacral and inferior lumbar vertebrae

Question 27

Insertion of iliocostalis muscles

Answer 27

lumborum - inferior border of angle of ribs 12-6 thoracis - all of the ribs cervicis - ribs 1-6 and posterior tubercles of C4-C6

Question 28

Longissimus muscles have a common origin where

Answer 28

transverse processes at lower levels

Question 29

Longissimus muscles insertions

Answer 29

thoracis - TP of thoracic vertebrae & tubercles of inf. border of ribs 9,10 L. cervicis - sup thoracic TP to cervical TP L. capitis - arises with cervicis and attaches to mastoid process

Question 30

Longissimus capitis rotates the head to the ____ side unilaterally

Answer 30

same ( attaches to the mastoid process)

Question 31

Which erector spinae muscle originates and inserts on the spinous processes

Answer 31

Spinalis

Question 32

Spinalis cervicis and captits blend to inert on what

Answer 32

ligamentum nuchae to axis

Question 33

Starting with the insertion inferior to the sup nuchal line, the semispinalis muscles insert on the spinous processes of all vert from C2 to T4. What is the break up?

Answer 33

S. capitis - inferior to sup nuchal line S. cervisis - SP of C2-C5 S. thoracis - SP of C6-T4

Question 34

The semispinalis muscles originate on the TP of vertebrae T1-T10. Cervicis and capitis have the same origin. what is the breakup

Answer 34

S. thoracis - T10-T6 | S. cervisis & capitis - T6-T1

Question 35

Semispinalis capitis and cervicis both originate on the TP of _____. The difference is their insertion. What are they?

Answer 35

T1-T6 insertions: cervicis - C2-C5 capitis - inf. to sup. nuchal line

Question 36

Typically, the multifidus muscles insert on the SP _____ vertebrae superomedially from their origin on the inferior lamina.

Answer 36

2-4

Question 37

Rotatores originate on the ____ of the entire vert. column

Answer 37

TP

Question 38

Rotatores brevis insert superomedially to the SP of the ____ vertebra and longus on the ____ vertebra

Answer 38

next, 2nd

Question 39

Which superficial intrinsic back muscle has shares its origin with Spinalis cervicis and capitis's insertion?

Answer 39

Splenius capitis (ligamentum nuchae) it also originates on the SP of C7-T4

Question 40

How to tell the difference between Semispinalis capitis and Splenius capitis.

Answer 40

1. Splenius is more superficial 2. Direction of fibers Semispinalis (superomedially), Splenius (superolaterally) 3. insertion Semispinalis (inf to sup nuchal line), Splenius (lat part of superior nuchal line and mastoid process)

Question 41

Origins of Splenius muscles

Answer 41

S. Cervicis - SP of T3-T6 | S. Capitis - SP of C7-T4

Question 42

where do the splenius muscles insert

Answer 42

cervicis - TP of C2-C5 | capitis - lateral part of sup nuchal line and mastoid process

Question 43

What muscle is listed as the intertransversarii of the thoracic region on our sheet?

Answer 43

Levator costarum

Question 44

What is the levator costarum innervated by

Answer 44

Dorsal rami of thoracic spinal nerves

Question 45

Where does levator costarum originate

Answer 45

Tip of thoracic TP

Question 46

Where does levator costarum insert

Answer 46

inferolaterally to angle of inferior adjacent rib

Question 47

action of levator costarum

Answer 47

elevate ribs during inspiration

Question 48

Where does the Quadratus Lumborum originate

Answer 48

iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest

Question 49

Where does the QL insert

Answer 49

tips of lumbar TP and inferior border of rib 12

Question 50

Which two abdominal muscles originate on the inguinal ligament, iliac crest, and thoracolumbar fascia

Answer 50

Internal ab. obl. and transverse abdominis Internal obl is the lateral 2/3 of the ing. lig. transverse also originates on the lower 6 ribs

Question 51

All ab muscles are innervated by the ventral rami of spinal nerves, but slightly different branches. what are they?

Answer 51

Rectus and External - T5-T12 | Internal and Transvers - T7-T12 iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal n.

Question 52

both transverse and internal insert into the pubic crest and the linea alba. what else does the internal obl. insert into?

Answer 52

pectineal line

Question 53

origin and insertion of rectus abdominis

Answer 53

o-pubic crest and symphysis | i- costal cartilage 5-7 and xyphoid process

Question 54

The anterior and lateral fibers of the ex obl originate on the external surfaces of ribs 5-12. what's the breakup?

Answer 54

anterior - 5-8 | lateral - 9-12

Question 55

the two insertions for ex obl

Answer 55

outer lip of iliac crest, and linea alba via aponeurosis

Question 56

Which three suboccipital muscles insert into the occipital bone?

Answer 56

obliquus capitis superior, rectus capitis posterior major, minor

Question 57

Since, C1does not have a SP, what does Rectus capitis posterior minor attach to proximally?

Answer 57

posterior tubercle of C1

Question 58

Generally, superficial and intermediate muscle groups act to _____ and rotate the trunk to the ____ side

Answer 58

laterally flex, same

Question 59

Generally, deep muscles of the back rotate the column to the _____ side

Answer 59

opposite

Question 60

orientation of the superior articular facet in cervical vertebrae

Answer 60

posterosuperior

Question 61

orientation of the superior articular facet in thoracic vertebrae

Answer 61

posterior

Question 62

orientation of the superior articular facet in lumbar vertebrae

Answer 62

medial

Question 63

The spinous processes in cervical vert are unique. what are they like?

Answer 63

bifid

Question 64

why does L5 have a heavily elongated transverse process

Answer 64

attachment of the Iliolumbar lig

Question 65

Spina bifida occulta is seen when....

Answer 65

there is a failure of closure of the posterior neuropore at L4

Question 66

What is the inferior opening of spinal canal

Answer 66

sacral hiatus

Question 67

What becomes ossified after menopause in females

Answer 67

the articular surface of sacroiliac joint

Question 68

Why is the dermatome innervation on the posterior part of the head by the dorsal rami of C2

Answer 68

the dorsal ramus of C1 has no cutaneous sensory component, it only goes to the suboccipital muscles

Question 69

The greater occiptial nerve is a combination of

Answer 69

the ventral rami of C2-3