trying to preserve autocracy 1855-1894

Question 1

in the 1850s what percentage of the population were illiterate peasants

Answer 1

85%

Question 2

what did the crimean war highlight (3)

Answer 2

1. economic backwardness
2. outdated weaponry
3. Russia spent 45% of expenditure on the army

Question 3

when was the crimean war

Answer 3

1853-1856

Question 4

what were the political, economic and moral motives leading to the emancipation

Answer 4

political: declining incomes due to growing serf pop & bad agricultural systems
economic: serfdom kept them in Mirs instead of factories
Moral: western Europe already freed slaves, believed it was like treating people like animals

Question 5

how much was Russian in debt by 1859

Answer 5

₽54mil

Question 6

when did state serfs gain freedom

Answer 6

1866

Question 7

what did Nicholas Milyutin do

Answer 7

produce the final terms of the emancipation of the serfs

Question 8

failures of the emancipation (4)

Answer 8

1. their rights were theoretical
2. made them in debt
3. couldn’t leave the countryside
4. 647 peasant riots in 4 months

Question 9

what were Alex II’s main reforms and years (5)

Answer 9

1. emancipation of the serfs 1861/1866
2. Military reform 1874
3. Local government reform 1864/1870
4. Judicial reform 1864
5. education reform 1863-64

Question 10

what was Alex II’s military reform in 1874 (4)

Answer 10

1. conscription was for all 20+ males of all classes
2. military service ⬇️ from 25 to 15. 9 in reserve
3. military collages made
4. intro to modern weaponry

Question 11

what was Alex II’s Local government reform in 1864/1870 (3)

Answer 11

1. established zemstva
2. the councils were elected (but was in favour of nobles)
3. intended to improve public service and develop industry

Question 12

what was Alex II’s judicial reform 1864 (2)

Answer 12

1. all classes were judged equally before the law
2. judges training and pay ⬆️

Question 13

what was Alex II’s educational reform 1863-64 (4)

Answer 13

1. Zemstva took responsibility for primary schools (church used to)
2. primary ed available for all
3. vocational schools set up
4. Unis became self governing in 1863

Question 14

Pros of the educational reform 1863-64 (3)

Answer 14

1. no. of primary schools x3
2. no. of kids in primary ed x2
3. no. of uni students x3

Question 15

cons of the educational reform 1863-64 (2)

Answer 15

1. primary curriculum still based on religion
2. still had to pay to go to secondary school

Question 16

how did Alex II’s reforms spread opposition 1860s (2)

Answer 16

1. relaxed censorship➡️radical books
2. education changes➡️radical student organisations

Question 17

what were the main reasons for the spread of revolutionary activity under Alex II (4)

Answer 17

1. release of political prisoners
2. relaxed censorship
3. less restrictions on the Zemstva
4. Third section➡️Okhrana

Question 18

who were the main radical thinkers and what they thought under Alex II (3)

Answer 18

1. Nikolai Chernyshevsky- believed peasants needed to lead revolutions
2. Alexander Herzen-wanted a peasant based social structure
3. Mikhail Bakunin-wanted private ownership to be collective. (also translated Karl Marx’s ‘communist manifesto’ to Russian)

Question 19

when was land and liberty established

Answer 19

1877

Question 20

what did land and liberty’s do (2)

Answer 20

1. assassinate General mezemstev in 1878 (head of 3rd section)
2. multiple attempts to kill Alex II

Question 21

when did land and liberty split and into what (2)

Answer 21

1879
1. the black partition
2. the people’s will

Question 22

what was land and liberty’s belief

Answer 22

the land should be divided between peasants

Question 23

who was Alex III’s adviser

Answer 23

Konstantin Pobedonostev

Question 24

how did Alex III try to reassert autocracy (6)

Answer 24

1. arrested 150 members of the Narodnaya Volya
2. publicly hanged the people who assassinated Alex II
3. increased the powers of the police
4. reintroduced closed court sessions
5. land captains
6. peasant vote in zemstva reduced

Question 25

what is a land captain and when was in introduced

Answer 25

1889 noble officials who could overrule zemstva

Question 26

how did Alex III apply Russification (4)

Answer 26

1. declared Russian as the official language 2. public office closed to people who couldn't speak Russian fluently 3. catholic monasteries closed down 4. Orthodoxy was encouraged

Question 27

how were Jews treated under Alex III

Answer 27

1. many were raped and or killed 2. lots of Jewish properties were destroyed 3. Laws were made restricting the rights of jews 4. many jews were expelled (Siberia)

Question 28

who was the minister of finance 1862-78

Answer 28

Mikhail von Reutern

Question 29

who was the minister of finance 1887-92

Answer 29

Ivan Vyshnegradsky

Question 30

who was the minister of finance 1892-1903

Answer 30

Sergei Witte

Question 31

what were Mikhail von Reutern's economic reforms (3)

Answer 31

1. abolished tax farming 2. reformed treasury 3. established banks

Question 32

what were Ivan Vyshnegradsky's industrial reforms (3)

Answer 32

1. increased import tariffs by 30% 2. increased grain exports 3. increased loans from abroad

Question 33

what were Sergei Witte's reforms (3)

Answer 33

1. increased investments in mining, oil, banking 2. expanded railways 3. had European experts advise on industrial development