Tsunami

Question 1

Tsunami definition

Answer 1

Displacement of water due to external forces

Question 2

Example of cause

Answer 2

Earthquake rupture to the seafloor which pushes the water upwards ( vertical and large scale)

Question 3

Typical magnitude

Answer 3

> 6

Question 4

Wave speed

Answer 4

900km/hr

Question 5

As the wave nears land…

Answer 5

Decrease speed 45 km/hr

Increasing height

Question 6

Velocity in deep water

Answer 6

~800

Question 7

Wave length between the crests

Answer 7

~100km

Question 8

deep water water height

Answer 8

10

Question 9

Shallow water wave length

Answer 9

5

Question 10

Shallow water wave height

Answer 10

10

Question 11

what is the difference between wind and tsunami made waves

Answer 11

Wind has low speed, wavelength but more regular occurrence
Tsunami lead incidents have less reoccurrence and high speed and wavelength

Question 12

What is trough

Answer 12

water retreat

Question 13

What is crest

Answer 13

water rise

Question 14

What is the behavior of a tsunami dependent on?

Answer 14

geometry and bathymetry

Question 15

How many volcanic eruptions are the main trigger of a tsunami

Answer 15

5%

Question 16

Tsunami triggers

Answer 16

Earthquake
Volcanic Eruption
slope failure
Meteorite Impact

Question 17

What is bathymetry

Answer 17

study of underwater depth of ocean, lake and river floors.

Question 18

Date of the Krakatau Indonesia tsunami event

Answer 18

1883, 2018

Question 19

What was the 1883 event

Answer 19

VEI 6 eruption, PDCs entered
sea, >36,000 deaths

Question 20

What was the 2018 event

Answer 20

Eruption caused Anak Krakatau’
to collapse into sea tsunami > 420
deaths

Question 21

La Palma flank collapse event

Answer 21

Part of the island collapsed into the sea
1.1 mag collapse and 0.56 collapse

Question 22

Lituya Bay, Alaska 1958 event

Answer 22

Mag 7.7 earthquake triggering a landslide
30.5mill m3 rocks
local surge of water in bay scoured trees
Local tsunami 20-70 m high

Question 23

Lisbon

Answer 23

1755, 60,000 dead

Question 24

Krakatoa

Answer 24

1883, 36,000 related deaths

Question 25

Japan

Answer 25

1896, 30,000 dead

Question 26

Alaska

Answer 26

1964 , 11 dead

Question 27

Papua New Guinea

Answer 27

1998, 2500 dead

Question 28

Sumatra

Answer 28

2004, >230,000

Question 29

Tohoku

Answer 29

2011 , >15,000

Question 30

Indonesia

Answer 30

2018, >280

Question 31

Primary Hazards in relation to inundation of water

Answer 31

Loss of life via drowning and debris impact flooding and erosion damage to structures

Question 32

Secondary hazards

Answer 32

polluted water supplies fires transport disruption disease outbreaks

Question 33

Minimising tsunami hazard

Answer 33

deposit records historical documentation valuable for calculating recurrence intervals

Question 34

Vulnerability modification plans

Answer 34

run-up maps hazard maps and zones land use planning ( buffer zones) evac plans

Question 35

Detection and warning systems

Answer 35

pacific tsunami warning system, deep ocean assessment and reporting Tsunamis Seismomeeters, tidal gauges and tsunameters

Question 36

Minimising tsunamis via...

Answer 36

building codes - design and construction requirements Seawallls and barriers Vegetation

Question 37

Most expensive earthquake triggered tsunamis

Answer 37

2011, Tohoku tsunami

Question 38

Most deadliest earthquake triggered tsunamis

Answer 38

2004 Indian Ocean tsunami

Question 39

Tohoku tsunami date

Answer 39

11th March 2021

Question 40

Tohoku tsunami Mag

Answer 40

mag 9

Question 41

Tohoku tsunami epicenter

Answer 41

70 km

Question 42

Tohoku tsunami focus

Answer 42

30km

Question 43

true or false largest ever recorded in japan

Answer 43

true

Question 44

Hitting the coast

Answer 44

10 mins

Question 45

Water travelling inland

Answer 45

10 km

Question 46

height of waves overtopping the defences

Answer 46

>8.5

Question 47

deaths

Answer 47

>15,000

Question 48

Rebulding costs

Answer 48

£189 bill

Question 49

What was the % of those who headed tsunami warnings immediately

Answer 49

58%

Question 50

What was the % of those attempting to evacuate but were caught in tsunami

Answer 50

5

Question 51

What was the % of those who didn't heed the warning ad hit by the water

Answer 51

49%

Question 52

Indian Ocean tsunami date

Answer 52

26 December 2004

Question 53

Indian Ocean tsunami epicenter

Answer 53

255km

Question 54

Indian Ocean tsunami Mag

Answer 54

9.2

Question 55

Indian Ocean tsunami focus

Answer 55

30 km

Question 56

How many countries affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami

Answer 56

14

Question 57

Cost of Indian Ocean tsunami

Answer 57

£15 bill

Question 58

number of deaths during the Indian Ocean tsunami

Answer 58

>230,000

Question 59

Movement

Answer 59

Indian and Australian plates being subducted NE beneath Burma microplate at 6cm/yr

Question 60

Movement of the Burma microplate and what rupture

Answer 60

~20m along a 1500 km rupture

Question 61

What type of event is this

Answer 61

Mega - thrust event

Question 62

How the tsunami occured

Answer 62

Displacement of seafloor disturbed water

Question 63

What were the rescue and relief measures

Answer 63

Ports destroyed 14 countries requesting aid Money collection required

Question 64

Environmental long term impacts

Answer 64

Destroyed ecosystems ( mangroves ,coral reefs coastal wetlands and forests Arable land contamination by salt Contamination of freshwater supplies

Question 65

What happened ( economically ) during 2004-2007

Answer 65

UNEP: US $9.3 mill for environmental recovery and disaster reduction

Question 66

Economic long term impacts

Answer 66

Local economies destroyed Fishing and tourism hardest hit Damage to infrastructure