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Respiratory System > Tuberculosis > Flashcards

Tuberculosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is Tuberculosis (TB)

A

a bacterial infection that usually happens in the lungs. Develops when Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria are inhaled into the lungs.

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2
Q

what is the organism responsible for TB

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

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3
Q

what are the characteristics of mycobacterium

A

v. slow growing
aerobic
has v. thick cell wall

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4
Q

what is mycobacterium resistant to

A

acids
alkali’s
detergents
resistant to neutropjil and macrophage destruction

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5
Q

is mycobacteria decolourised by acid alcohol after being stained with dye

A

no it is a acid and alcohol fast bacilli

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6
Q

how does TB spread from an infected person

A

person is infected with TB they cough etc, respiratory droplets are released into air. these droplets contain mycobacteria that will remain active for a long time and infect anothr person

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7
Q

where is it more likely to catch TB inside or outside

A

inside as outside UV radiation eliminates mycobacteria

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8
Q

what is mycobacterium bovis

A

slow growing aerobic bacterium the causative agent of TB in cattle

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9
Q

how is mycobacterium bovis able to infect humans

A

consumption of infected cows milk, organism is deposited in cervical and intestinal lymph nodes

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10
Q

can APC kill mycobacterium

A

no

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11
Q

what state to macrophages have to be in to be able to kil mycobaterium

A

activated

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12
Q

how do macrophages become activated to fight off mycobaterium

A

T1 cell mediated immunological response

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13
Q

what is a problem with activated macrophages

A

healthy tissue is destroyed as well as pathogen

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14
Q

how can mycobacterium spread in the body

A

via the lymph nodes

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15
Q

where are the likely places for TB to spread to

A

spine/bones
lungs
kidneys

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16
Q

TB can lie latent in the body true or false

A

true

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17
Q

what is primary TB

A

no preceding exposure or immunity

18
Q

what is tuberculous bronchopneumonia

A

occur when tubercle bacilli are forced or inhaled into multiple terminal bronchial segments during coughing, either when an open pulmonary lesion (cavity) communicates with a bronchus, or when an infected lymph node has ruptured into a bronchus

19
Q

what is Miliary TB

A

Miliary tuberculosis (TB) is the widespread dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

20
Q

what is postprimary/secondary tuberculosis

A

Reactivation of mycobacterium from latent primary infection disseminated by the blood stream around the body

  1. New re-infection from outside source, susceptible previously infected host
21
Q

what are symptoms of post primary TB

A 
may be no symptoms for many months
cough
sputum
haemoptysis 
plueritic pain or breathlessness
malaise, fever, weight loss
night sweats
22
Q

can TB be present without physical signs

A

yes

23
Q

is finger clubbing a common symptom in TB

A

finger clubbing in TB is rare unless very chronic infection

24
Q

what investigations should be done to diagnose TB

A

chest x ray
sputum smear-Ziehl-Neilsen
sputum culture

25
Q

if a patient has TB what will the chest x ray look like

A

patchy- shadowing of upper lobes usually
often bilateral
cavication if advanced
may calcify if chronic or healed TB

26
Q

If a sputum culture has been done and is non diagnostic what other investigations can then be done

A

CT of thorax
bronchoscopy
pleural aspiration and biopsy

27
Q

how is TB treated

A

multiple drug therapy

28
Q

how long must drug therapy treatment for TB continue for

A

6 months

29
Q

what current drugs are used for 2 months to treat TB

A

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide

(think PERI)

30
Q

what current drugs are used for 4 months to treat TB

A

Rifampicin

Isoniazid

31
Q

when is a patient with TB rendered non-infectious

A

after 2 weeks

32
Q

what are the side effects of Rifampicin

A

Orange ‘Irn Bru’ urine, tears

Induces liver enzymes

Oral contraceptive pill ineffective

Hepatitis

33
Q

what are the side effects of Isoniazid

A

Hepatitis

Peripheral neuropathy

34
Q

what are the side effects of Ethambutol

A

optic neuropathy

35
Q

what are the side effects of Pyrazinamide

A

Gout

36
Q

if an individual has never had TB and has no TB acquired immunity should they be tuberculin negative or positive

A

negative

37
Q

If a patient has tested heaf positive have they or have they not be exposed to TB

A

exposed to TB

38
Q

if a patient has tested heaf negative what are the next steps

A

heaf negative indicates no exposure therefore repeat after 6 weeks with a second heaf test

39
Q

if a patients 2nd heaf test is negative what is the next step

A

give BCG

40
Q

what must you do as a legal requirement in a case of TB

A

report the case for tracking

Respiratory System (43 decks)

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