tudors Flashcards
1
Q
what did h7’s reign bring?
A
peace and economic stability to England after the War of the Roses 1455-1487, despite his tenuous claim to the throne through the Beaufort line.
2
Q
who did h7 defeat and how did he consolidate this?
A
He defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth on the 22nd August 1485, but dated his reign on the 21st so anyone who fought on the Yorkists would be considered a traitor. He gave 11 knighthoods to key supporters. William Stanley made Lord Chamberlain.
3
Q
when did h7 arrange his coronation?
A
arranged his coronation (30th October) before parliament met, so his claim to the throne was based on hereditary right rather than sanction of parliament.
4
Q
who did h7 detain to consolidate the tudor dynasty?
A
Detained those with a greater claim to the throne than him, such as Elizabeth of York and Earl of Warwick. Married Elizabeth of York in 1486- joining the Yorkist and Lancastrian houses together, establishing the Tudor rose and consolidating the Tudor dynasty with the birth of Prince Arthur.
5
Q
h7 acts of attainder
A
Acts of Attainder seized the wealth of nobles with private armies- he used these to seize the land and wealth of Yorkists who fought at Bosworth. Also increased crown solvency.
6
Q
lovell and stafford rebellion
A
a small uprising in 1486, but there was little enthusiasm for the cause and was easily crushed- aimed to restore the Yorkist monarchy.
7
Q
lambert simnel
A
claimed to be Earl of Warwick in 1487 and received support from Margaret of Burgundy and John De la Pole. Henry VII won the battle of stokefield against him- showing success in preventing rebellions- and allowed him to live out his life in the royal kitchens.
8
Q
perkin warbeck
A
was an impostor of the Duke of York from 1491-99 and had backing from France and James IV of Scotland (married a Scottish heiress). He joined with William Stanley (executed 1498) which showed Henry not even his own family could be trusted.
9
Q
how was the issue of warbeck resolved?
A
Anglo-Scottish relations had improved to the point that James IV agreed to no longer support Warbeck.
10
Q
treaty of perpetual peace
A
a truce in 1502 between England and Scotland, where James IV married Henry’s daughter Margaret.
11
Q
yorkshire rebellion
A
caused by resentment towards Henry’s attempt to raise taxes in 1489 to defend Brittany (anger due to poor harvest), but the rebellion did not spread. Rebels received a royal pardon, and no more taxes were collected.
12
Q
cornish rebellion
A
when the Cornish refused to fund a campaign against James IV and Warbeck in Scotland in 1497, and 15,000 marched into Blackheath. Easily put down and the ringleaders were executed but it was a severe threat through highlighting Henry’s weak defence.
13
Q
how was h7 government split?
A
Split into central, local, and regional.
Privy Council was the most influential part of government, as they were all chosen by the King to run the country.
The King’s Council was at the centre of government, as Henry relied on 6/7 members out of 200 men.
14
Q
why was h7 parliament used so little?
A
Parliament was used so little because Henry VII didn’t want to strain the loyalty of his subjects, so he mostly used it for extraordinary revenue. Called only 7 times.
Star Chamber was unimportant and developed much more under Wolsey.
Great Council held 5 times.
15
Q
council learned
A
corrupt tax collection committee led by Bray, then Empson and Dudley. They manipulated the system for their own needs and created fear, frustration, and anger- not a recognised court of law.
16
Q
what was h7 foreign policy like?
A
Defensive foreign policy. Particularly after death of Elizabeth of York 1503.
17
Q
h7 foreign policy aims
A
Aimed to maintain defence and good relations, establish national security, defend trade, and safeguard border with Scotland.
18
Q
treaty of ayton
A
England had been at war with Scotland since 1328, and the Treaty of Ayton 1497 kept peace to avoid military spending.
19
Q
treaty of etaples
A
Treaty of Etaples 1492 had France pay England a loan of £5,000 per annum to keep out troops during the Breton Crisis. Charles VIII also agreed to no longer support English rebels, such as Warbeck or the De la Poles. Paid £159,000 altogether.
20
Q
treaty of redon
A
Treaty of Redon 1489 between England and Brittany.
21
Q
intercursus magnus
A
Intercursus Magnus 1496 was a lift on the trade ban with Burgundy after they agreed to no longer support Warbeck.
22
Q
treaty of perpetual peace
A
a marriage alliance between James IV and Margaret Tudor in 1502.
23
Q
medina del campo
A
a treaty between England and Spain regarding suspicions over France and agreed on the marriage between Arthur and Catherine. This was initially successful, but disaster struck in 1502 when Arthur died a year into their marriage.
24
Q
how was h7 foreign policy successful?
A
Successful due to reducing help of rebels, maintaining security, and creating dynastic marriages.
25
how was h7 foreign policy a failure?
Henry VII was unable to expand English territory due to limited financial budget.
26
who dominated land ownership under h7?
Nobility dominated land ownership- Henry didn’t trust them.
He gave more power to lawyers and educated people as he wanted jobs done efficiently.
A position in King’s Council showed his confidence and emphasised loyalty to trusted servants.
Living conditions seemed to be improving in the 15th century.
27
h7 bonds and recognisances
made 36/62 noble families pay money to the crown if obligations were not met.
Marquis of Dorset paid £10,000 in bonds in 1491.
28
h7 crown lands
worth £12,000 at the start of his reign- £42,000 by 1509.
29
how many acts of attainder were passed under h7?
136 Acts of Attainder which brought about economic and social ruin- reversed 46 of these by good behaviour.
30
h7 order of the garter
a significant honour for the King’s closest servants. Created 37 of these, who had prestige but not power or land- Earl of Oxford and Reginald Bray.
31
h7 patronage
gave nobles positions of power as a result of good service but were not bestowed lightly. Awarded these to loyal supporters at Bosworth- Thomas Stanley- or from good service- Reginald Bray.
32
how was h8 seen at the start of his reign?
Welcomed as King after his ‘miser’ father and seen as a breath of fresh air. His father was the first king to leave the crown solvent since Henry II, so Henry received £300,000 upon his succession and £2 million in treasury.
33
how long did h8 have to prepare before becoming king?
7 years. Married CoA in 1509. His reign emphasises pageants, revelry, and sports.
34
h8 aims
Aimed to establish status among European monarchs, re-establish nobility and become a warrior king through success in battle.
35
when did h8 execute empson and dudley?
the day after he became king.
36
h8 bad harvests
Bad harvests in 1520-21 and 1527-29 led to significant increases in food prices.
37
what government did h8 inherit?
Inherited his father’s council who he often disagreed with, which lasted until 1514.
Executed Edmund De la Pole in 1514, sending a clear message about how threats to the throne would be dealt with.
Used gestures of goodwill such as cancelling some of his father’s bonds.
38
when was wolsey chief minister?
Wolsey was Chief Minister 1514-1529 and was seen as England’s most gifted administrator for over 300 years. The son of a butcher and was often called an ‘alter rex’.
39
wolsey's subsidy
His subsidy was a more realistic tax based on wealth and replaced fifteenths and tenths.
40
wolsey's enclosures
264 enclosures stirred up hatred from landowners.
41
star chamber
Wolsey increased the importance of Star Chamber- dispensed cheap and impartial justice, rooted out corruption and challenged the power of the nobility.
42
court of chancery
dealt with property and wills and established a permanent judicial committee for the poor. Huge in demand, meaning that cases were often poorly dealt with.
43
act of resumption
1515 returned some of the lands to the crown which increased revenue.
44
amicable grant
was a minor rebellion caused by taxation in 1525
45
eltham ordinance
was the failed reform of the court. Wolsey used this to ensure his political supremacy by reducing the influence of certain people such as Henry’s Groom of the Stool.
46
how much did wolsey raise?
Raised £322,000 in subsidies, £240,000 in clerical taxation and £260,000 in forced loans. But expenditure was £1.7 million.
47
reformation parliament
in 1529 to deal with the King’s Great Matter.
48
when was cromwell chief minister?
Cromwell was Chief Minister between 1530-40 but did not enjoy the same latitude as Wolsey.
49
cromwell's revolution in government
Achieved a revolution in government- it became more independent and bureaucratic and created different departments. Reduced the Privy Council to 20 key individuals.
50
act of supremacy
1534 declared Henry VIII ‘Supreme Head of the English Church’ and removed authority of the Pope away from England. Made England a Sovereign State, free from external powers.
51
act of succession 1534
declared Henry VIII and COA’s marriage illegal, and restricted Mary’s succession.
52
act of succession 1536
bastardised Mary and Elizabeth.
53
act of succession 1543
returned Mary and Elizabeth behind Edward.
54
court of augmentations
1536 established to deal with the income from the Act of the Dissolution of the Lesser Monasteries 1536. Increased crown income from £150,000 to £300,000.
55
act of union
1536 incorporated Wales into English legal and administrative system.
56
when did authority of the council of the north increase?
after the Pilgrimage of Grace 1536.
57
when was the treaty of etaples renewed?
1510
58
when did h8 join the holy league?
Joined The Holy League with Spain, Venice and HRE in 1511 against Louis XII.
59
when did h8 run out of money?
1514
60
treaty of noyon
1516 ended fighting between Spain and France which showed England was diplomatically isolated.
61
treaty of london
1518 was a non-aggression pact between 20 major European nations that binded them together in peace. England was no longer in diplomatic isolation.
62
field of the cloth of gold
1520 was a summit meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I to improve relations and display their wealth- cost £15,000.
63
treaty of bruges
1521 was an alliance between Spain and England and planned for Charles V to marry Mary Tudor.
64
amicable grant
1525 was a taxation for war which led to a minor rebellion. Unable to raise enough finances- meant he was unable to take advantage of the Spanish victory in Battle of Pavia 1525.
65
how much money had england spent on war with france by 1525?
£460,000
66
what did h8 not join in 1526?
the league of cognac
67
treaty of amiens
1527 negotiated peace between England and France by protecting the privileges of English merchants who traded in France.
68
what did the fall of wolsey 1529 and break with rome 1533 mean?
Failure to solve the Great Matter with Campeggio meant England remained a minor power within Europe.
69
when did thomas more become lord chancellor?
1532. Executed in 1535.
70
what did the deaths of CoA and AB mean?
1536 meant Henry VIII could make an alliance with Charles V, but this was short lived as Spain and France had earlier signed the Treaty of Cambrai 1529. This left England isolated and potentially vulnerable to a religious crusade.
71
what did the habsburg-valois wars mean for england?
meant Spain and France were preoccupied. Pope attempted to ignite an anti-English crusade.
72
treaty of greenwich
1543 was an agreement between England and Scotland that guaranteed their independence and separate styles of government. Betrothed Edward VI to Mary Queen of Scots.
73
wars against the auld alliance 1542-45
cost England £2,000,000 and led to many later economic problems. English victory at the Battle of Solway Moss 1542. Returned to an aggressive foreign policy.
74
h8 humansim
Growing number of schools influenced by humanist approaches to education. Had gained a lasting hold on the university curriculum.
Religious culture influenced by humanism.
75
h8 corrupt church
took money unnecessarily and rumours of anti-clericalism and clerical misconduct, such as the murder of Richard Hunne 1514 and turning into big businesses, along with Wolsey’s pluralism.
76
why were the monasteries dissolved?
rumours that monks and nuns did not follow vows of chastity, Thomas Cromwell disliked monasteries and Henry needed money to maintain his lavish lifestyle. Monasteries were already being reviewed by Valor Ecclesiasticus over concerns of anti-clericalism.
77
who was executed in 1535 for opposing religious change?
bishop fisher and thomas more
78
what began the reformation?
Began the Reformation through his eagerness for a divorce. Period of 1533-39 described as the ‘Seizure of the Church’. However, there were no changes to chantry services which shows that Henry VIII remained Catholic as Protestants believed in double predestination.
79
how many monasteries closed?
376 monasteries closed.
Act of the Dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries 1536 and Larger Monasteries in 1539 raised around £200,000 and earned Henry an extra £140,000 per annum between 1536-47.
Transferred resources from church to crown and affected individual experience of worship and religion community.
80
what happened to poverty and unemployment after the monasteries closed?
increased, as they provided hospice and charity
81
act of ten articles
1536 established some Protestant features into Henry’s Church, such as limiting the sacraments to Baptism, Penance, and the Eucharist which all had ambiguous definitions.
82
royal injunctions 1538
required every Parish church to possess an English bible.
83
the great bible
1539 had English vernacular with religious images, which made it easier for laity to follow.
84
act of six articles
1539 reasserted Catholic doctrine and reversed earlier reforms- led to the persecution of a number of Protestants. Denial of transubstantiation was deemed heretical.
85
king's book
1543 revised the Bishop’s Book which restored the four sacraments omitted from the Ten Articles. By making the sacraments equal again, individual worship was the same in 1547 as it had been in 1509 and it was a swing back to conservative religion.
86
act of advancement of true religion
1543 restricted public reading to upper-class men and opposed the 1538 royal injunctions.
87
changes to h8 church
The jurisdiction of the Pope was destroyed, monastic buildings fell into ruin and Parish churches now had to possess bibles in English.
Changed the bible vernacular, reduced Pope’s power through Second Act of Annates 1534 (annates were now reserved for the crown, not church) and Act of Supremacy, Act of Ten Articles reduced sacraments, and dissolved monasteries.
88
h8 church stayed the same
The church hierarchy, interior of churches, traditional services (in Latin), and music remained the same in services. Life was still governed by religion- used the Catholic Lord’s Prayer, the Priest still elevated the host and apart from Henry VIII, church hierarchy did not change.
89
key issue between e6 and m1
religious divisions. as she was a symbol of rebellion and refused to give up her prayers as a staunch Catholic. He was committed to keeping England Protestant.
90
e6 succession crisis
He struggled with the succession crisis as he had become very weak by 1553 but did not want Mary on the throne. Succession Crisis by Feb 1533.
Edward died 6th July 1553, before the Devyse had been ratified by parliament- it also failed due to Mary’s popular support.
91
who were somerset and northumberland?
edward seymour- a moderate reformer who was more concerned with foreign and domestic policy 1547-49, whereas Northumberland (john dudley) was more committed to the cause of Protestantism 1550-53.
92
ketts rebellion
1549 caused by hatred for local government and enclosures (collapse in textile industry) and riots about religious issues. Had to ask Northumberland to deal with it. 3,000 rebels slaughtered and Kett hanged. Not a threat as it was not directed at monarch, was uncoordinated, and had a lack of aristocratic leadership.
93
e6 poor harvest
1548
94
western rebellion
1549 caused by religious grievances (Common Prayer Book and wanting to reverse religious reform) and sheep tax. Had to use mercenaries to defeat them which made them look weak.
95
ketts and western rebellion
Both rebellions in the southeast and easily dealt with as created by peasants.
96
what did somerset support?
Supported anti-enclosures and established Court of Requests to hear poor people in the Midlands.
97
battle of pinkie
Defeated Scotland in Battle of Pinkie 1547 but failed to man the garrison- cost £580,393.
98
somerset tax
5% tax on personal property and special sheep tax in 1549.
99
what did northumberland enforce?
existing enclosures and ended the anti-enclosure measures.
100
what did northumberland repeal?
Vagrancy Act 1547 (savage attack on vagrants looking for work- if out of work for three days, they would be branded and sold into slavery for two years) and introduced new Treason Laws. Used traditional means to prevent disorder.
101
what did northumberland end?
Ended debasement and enclosure measures and abandoned the war with Scotland.
Reduced debt from £300,000 to £180,000- short fix that weakened long term financial security.
Returned Boulogne (won by Henry VIII) to France which was beneficial for the crown’s finances. Paid them £1,333,333.
102
1547
Denunciation of images in London reduced the influence of the Seven Sacraments (Ridley was the Bishop of London who attacked iconoclasm)
Injunctions issued and dissolution of chantries and religious guilds (Chantries Act 1547 condemned prayers of the dead and ended 2,347 chantries, seizing their assets)
Act of Six Articles was repealed which left the church with no official doctrine.
103
1548
Proclamation stated no preaching until a new liturgy was produced.
104
1549
Book of Common Prayer (moderate- didn’t address transubstansiation or the eucharist) and Act of Uniformity made this the official liturgy.
105
1552
Second Book of Common Prayer was much more radical- addressed transubstansiation and the eucharist. Banned Chantries, popish vestments, music, and replaced wafer with ordinary bread. Second Act of Uniformity made it an offence to not attend Church of England Services.
106
forty-two articles
1552 Cranmer outlined the new Protestant faith, but Edward VI died before this could be fully put into action.
107
what did m1 inherit?
religious divisions, had not been brought up to role, her supporters had no experience in government. 800 Protestants fled to Netherlands upon her ascension.
Despised the religious changes of Henry VIII and Edward VI.
108
naval militia reforms
were a complete reorganisation of admin and finances of the navy.
109
arms act
1558 planned to establish better procedures for supplying weapons to royal forces.
110
militia act
1558 planned to reorganise the recruitment of regional militias in wartime and laid down a system of commissioners in Munster to improve supply of troops.
111
what did m1 plan to do?
revalue the currency after the Great Debasement 1544-51.
Made collection of revenue more efficient as Exchequer pursued crown debts.
112
book of rates
1558 planned to improve crown income from custom duties by fixing the level of duty paid on products.
Increased custom revenues from £29,000 in 1557 to £82,000 in 1558 but was too late.
113
wyatt rebellion
1554 over her decision to marry Phillip II- the leaders were executed but claimed to have Elizabeth’s support. Supporters from Maidstone (Protestant stronghold). Caused by prospect of Spanish marriage and xenophobia, and poor state of the economy following poor harvests and epidemic.
114
what did parliament prevent in 1555?
Phillip II's coronation. Marriage Treaty demanded that England’s laws must be respected in every aspect, only Mary’s sons would have claim to the throne and that after her death, his English affairs would cease.
115
succession act 1554
claimed the crown would go to Elizabeth if Mary remained childless.
Acknowledged Elizabeth as her successor on 6th November 1558 and died 11 days later. Few mourned for her at the time of her death.
116
what did m1 marriage with spain lead to?
inevitably war with France- achieved victory at the Battle of Saint Quentin 1557, but a year later France had recovered and seized Calais from England.
117
capture of calais
1558 was a terrible blow to national pride and severed England from the continent- diplomatically isolated.
118
m1 harvest failures
Poor economy due to harvest failures in 1557-57, which caused food shortages and strained real wages.
Agricultural workers wages dropped by 59% due to inflation.
119
what did m1 remit?
the final part of Edward’s subsidy, which brought her cheap popularity at some financial cost.
120
m1 sweating sickness
1557-58 led to inflation.
121
key issues with m1 reign
her reign was not long enough, the new Pope did not like Phillip II and was unfamiliar with the country.
122
how many protestants did m1 execute?
289 Protestants were executed in her reign- significantly less than Charles V’s 30,000 during the Spanish Inquisition. Foxe’s Book of Martyrs 1563 is unreliable.
Burning Protestants led to public sympathy rather than support for Mary, as she mostly burned ordinary men and women.
123
1553
Parliament refused to repeal the Act of Supremacy. Passed the First Act of Repeal that undid the Edwardian Reformation, revived mass, ritual worship, clerical celibacy and had Cranmer arrested.
124
1554
Reintroduced Heresy Laws and royal injunctions to suppress heresy.
Restored holy days and removed married clergy- 25% were deprived for having married. Cardinal Reginald Pole returned from exile.
Gardiner replaced Protestant bishops with committed Catholics in 1554 to enforce Catholicism among the clergy.
125
1555
Restored Papal Supremacy as Reginald Pole was consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury.
John Rogers was the first Protestant burned under the new Heresy laws.
The Second Act of Repeal undid the Henrican Reformation.
Bishops Ridley and Latimer were burned for heresy.
126
1556
Cranmer burned at the stake. The Benedictine House was refounded, and a synod issued Twelve Decrees on clerical discipline against pluralism, simony, and heresy.
Re-founding the Benedictine House and smaller houses was an attempt to reverse the Dissolution of the Monasteries and bring back hospitality. Pole and Mary saw Protestants as ‘lost sheep’.
127
when did e1 become queen?
Became queen at 25.
128
e1 short term aims
consolidate her position, settle religious issues and pursue peaceful settlement with France.
Faced early problems such as gender and marriage, illegitimacy, £300,000 in debt, religious divisions and war with France.
129
religious settlement
Religion was torn by 1558- created the Religious Settlement as a more moderate approach.
Religious Settlement 1559 were arrangements made to unite the country after religious changes and involved the Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity.
130
act of supremacy 1559
had Elizabeth become ‘Supreme Governor’ to avoid angering Catholics. made people swear an Oath of Supremacy and reinstated the Henrican Reformation.
131
act of uniformity 1559
made Protestantism England’s official faith but retained some Catholic traditions such as vestments and crucifix, and churches had some decoration. Gave fines to those who refused to attend church.
132
royal injunctions 1559
enforced acts and reported opposition towards religious features to the Justice of the Peace and Privy Council.
133
what did e1 have preferences for?
Protestantism- forbade priests from elevating the host and was furious with illustrations in a prayer book.
134
peace of cateau-cambresis
1559 English military action in France. Anglo-French relations determined by Mary Queen of Scots (married to Francis II of France).
135
how did catholics react to the religious settlement?
400 resigned, and all bishops appointed by Mary were dismissed, but there was minimal refusal.
136
how did protestants react to the religious settlement?
Some Puritans organised campaigns to make the Religious Settlement more Protestant and wanted to create a radical Puritan church. Disliked the Archbishop of Canterbury as he was a moderate Protestant and had a strong reaction to the vestment and crucifix (idolatry) controversies in the 1560s.
137
thirty nine articles
1563 became the official doctrine of the church, to make it acceptable to as many as possible. Was much more defined and clearer than the Forty Two Articles.
138
what was e1 first parliament called for?
to settle religious issues
139
what did e1 emphasise?
the Erastian nature of CoE (humanism) but believed in clerical celibacy vows and prayed with rosary.
140
council of trent
a meeting of Europe’s leading Catholic clergy to discuss the future of the church between 1563-64. Reflected a hopeful reinvigoration of Catholicism across Europe- some wanted Elizabeth excommunicated but others (Phillip II) wanted to persuade her to change the Religious Settlement.
141
when was marriage a focus for e1?
between 1560-86. Possible contenders were Charles of Austria, Phillip II, Robert Dudley, or her country.
142
when did parliament meet to discuss e1 succession?
in 1563 to discuss succession after Elizabeth had smallpox in 1562, but there was no consensus towards a successor. James VI was her only option regarding succession, as he was Protestant and had a direct blood claim.
143
relations with spain in the 1560s
relations with Spain were deteriorating:
adopted an anti-Spanish position by supporting Portuguese pretenders (Don Antonio)
religious rivalries
Hawkins attempting to break Spanish trading monopoly in the Carribean.
144
drake and the golden hind
circumnavigated the globe between 1577-1580 and brought back new goods from South America from trading without a license.
145
1568
Allowed Dutch rebels to dock in English ports (Civil War began 1566) and allowed them to attack a Spanish ship with 400,000 florins on board intended for Alba.
146
1572
Elizabeth expelled sea beggars from English ports, forcing them to land in Netherlands and revolt against Spanish rule.
147
1576
Dutch revolt against the Spanish army. ‘Pacification of the Ghent’ expelled all foreign troops from the Netherlands and Elizabeth used soft power to support this.
148
1585
Treaty of Nonsuch counteracted the Treaty of Joinville between Phillip and the Catholic League in France. Sent 5,000 troops and 1,000 cavalry to Netherlands under Earl of Leicester.
149
1587
Drake’s Raid on Cadiz destroyed 30 ships and barrels of seasoned wood which delayed the Armada for another year.
150
1588
Armada set sail on 22nd July and seen on the 29th, but England didn’t engage straight away as they wanted to chase them up then channel.
Used fire ships and galleons to weaken the crescent formation of the Armada, and the ‘Protestant Wind’ blew the Armada further up the dangerous channel borders and destroyed half of their ships. Heavily weakened Spanish power.
151
why did the armada lose?
Armada had 130 ships, 18,000 soldiers and 7,000 sailors.
Lost 63 ships and 15,000 soldiers.
Navy had 200 ships, 14,000 sailors and 1,000 soldiers. Lost 0 ships and 100 soldiers.
Poor communication between Parma (Netherlands) and Medina Sidonia (Spanish Fleet) vs Howard and Drake.
152
english attacks after the armada
made 3 attacks in mainland Spain and its colonies- short lived victory with capture of Cadiz 1596 which humiliated Philip II and he ordered a fleet to invade England, which was destroyed by storms.
153
when were all spanish expelled from northern territory?
by 1594. (Union of Utrecht- North and Protestant and Union of Arras- South and Catholic).
154
how did the earl of essex fail against the spanish?
his fleet was driven back to Plymouth when Spain attempted to exploit a rebellion in Ireland.
(nine years' war in ireland)
Instead of returning he made peace with Irish rebel leaders Tyrone and sailed to the Azores- Essex Rebellion 1601.
155
essex rebellion
1601 get rid of Cecil’s influence at court and have Elizabeth declare James VI her successor. Caused by factional rivalries, being banned from court, and Elizabeth’s refusal to renew his granted monopoly on sweet wine in 1600. Defeated a few hours after it had begun- supporters surrendered and Deveraux executed, but showed control was fading by the end of Elizabeth’s reign.
156
northern revolt
1569 De Spes and disgruntled noblemen hated Cecil and wanted Mary Queen of Scots on the throne. 800 hanged, the Council of North was reconstituted, and the threat of Mary was taken more seriously.
157
ridolfi plot
1571 Ridolfi aimed to remove Elizabeth, but Cecil gathered intel. Norfolk was sentenced to death, De Spes expelled from England and Mary put in prison.
158
throckmorton plot
1583 Walsingham discovered the plot and Throckmorton confessed after being tortured. Mendoza was expelled which almost led to war (backed by the Pope and Philip II) and Mary was transferred to Tutbury Castle.
159
babington plot
1586 Walsingham discovered letters between Babington and Mary- she was barred from succession, but on rumours she had escaped Elizabeth signed her death warrant in 1587.
160
e1 aims
develop trade to benefit the economy, avoid war, and protect England’s borders and throne.
161
who led the poor relief acts?
cecil was concerned about homelessness and unemployment
162
what percent of e1 population were gentry?
1% of the population were gentry. Rising tensions between the traditional nobility and rising gentry due to the rising population and redistribution of wealth after the Act of the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
Only a small amount of land was passed to new landowners, typically reinforced the existing positions of nobility and gentry. Large divide in wealth.
163
how did e1 limit peerage?
Elizabeth wanted to limit peerage so relied on old families with the exception of Lord Burghley. 51 peers in 1547 and 55 in 1603. 5,000 gentry families in 1547 vs 260 in 1485.
164
population of london in e1 reign
had increased by 35%.
Population rose from 1.5 million in 1470 – 3 million in 1550s – 4 million by 1603.
165
what did e1 surplus of labour lead to?
decreased wages and pressure on food supplies. Increase in vagabonds, petty crime, inflation, population, debasement, and bad harvests. Stole out of necessity.
166
when did privy council take action to deal with poverty?
in the 1590s due to rising social discontent, suffering, poor harvests and fear of riots similar to the 1549 rebellions.
Relied on ineffective methods such as Justice of the Peace and royal proclamations- impotence of government.
Took local initiatives such as reinstating Council of North to get corporations in York and Hull to enforce a schedule of wage rates.
167
1552 society
Poor would be whipped and fined for begging without a license.
168
1563 society
Statute of Artificers was a national attempt to sort out wages and prices by aiming to enforce workers to take on seven-year apprenticeships. JPs had the power to carry this out but worked poorly as unpaid and did not distinguish between lazy and those seeking work. Compulsory labour during harvesttime, regulated by Guilds and JPs.
169
1572 society
Poor Relief Act made contributions to poor relief compulsory and now distinguished between impotent and idle poor.
170
1576 society
Poor Relief Act set up Houses of Correction to punish those who refused to work. JPs bought raw materials to provide work for those who were able.
171
1597 society
Poor Law Act confirmed the compulsory poor rate and required setting up pauper apprenticeships to train boys until 24 and girls until 21. ‘Impotent poor’ would be provided for in Alms Houses and Poorhouses. Each county had a House of Correction.
172
1601 society
Poor Law Act made the distinction between the lazy and other unemployed people. Became the basis of Poor Laws for the next 200 years.
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by 1600 how many JPs were there per county?
50.
Accusations that they ignored policies and were inefficient.
Lord Lieutenant appointed in every county to report to Privy Council and supervise JPs
No official policing system- used sheriffs, JPs, and constables- more effective than it appeared.
174
how did e1 solve economic crisis?
by stabilising currency through removing all debased coins from circulation and using sound minted coins. This meant government was no longer responsible for the rising prices and economy was better off long term.
175
why was e1 government slow to deal with the poor?
Government was slow to deal with the poor as churches had previously been used to deal with social problems.
176
e1 and wales
Welsh border was no longer a problem. Council of Wales and Marches remained in operation. Disproportionate number of Welshmen in Essex Rebellion 1601 shows significant level of growing discontent.
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e1 and ireland
Elizabeth believed Ireland should be subjected to a policy of Englishness. She lacked the power to impose Protestantism, despite being the Supreme Governor of the Church of Ireland in 1560. Her frequent use of martial law weakened relations with both the Gaelic and Old English.
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e1 irish rebellions
Irish rebellions in 1569-73 and 1579-82 and brutal responses from Lord Grey of Wilton.
Ireland was victorious in the Battle of Yellow Ford 1598 and aided the Armada and Spain- who were a considerable threat.
179
e1 north of england and scotland
had 3 border marches and Elizabeth appointed Southerners rather than Percies, showing lack of trust.
180
how did the northern rebels escape?
1569 escaped in Scotland- the revolt was led by Northern nobility (Northumberland and Westmorland) and Northern families who felt marginalised at court and had lost their influence.
Markenfield and Matan wanted to re-Catholicise England and had never accepted the RS 1559.
Aimed for Duke of Norfolk to marry Mary Queen of Scots and restore Scottish throne. Showed a clear problem with border administration (Council of the North) when rebels fled over the Scottish border.
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e1, scotland and james
James VI succeeded the throne. Used Southerners to observe Council of North- used skilful diplomacy for Anglo-Scottish relations, as she knew they remaining separate would keep peace.
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short term cause of poverty- war
Increase in taxes from expensive war (mainly Spain) and difficult employment from returning soldiers. Inflation from military spending- not technically at war until Nonsuch 1585.
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short term cause of poverty- bad harvests
Led to food shortages and increased food prices. Famine -> malnutrition -> theft, vagabonds, and vagrancy.
184
long term cause of poverty- cloth trade collapse
Main export led to thousands out of work- cause of Wyatt Rebellion 1554. Decline in wool trade specifically in East Anglia and Sussex. 80% of exports were wool and major changes in European trade.
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long term cause of poverty- rising population
Not enough food, houses, and jobs. Population of London rose by 30% and 150,000. Contraction in food supply. Many people lived below subsistence level.
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long term cause of poverty- inflation
Wages could not keep up with rising prices, caused by poor harvests and debasement 1546-7.
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long term cause of poverty- changes in farming
Farmers keeping sheep meant that farm labourers lost jobs and moved to towns. Grain prices rose and enclosures led to unemployment.
188
e1 where did the main market for english wool move to?
Northern Netherlands and Ottoman Empire.
189
what happened to e1 internal trade?
Value of internal trade exceeded that of foreign trade. The biggest internal trade development was the growth in shipping of coal from the Tyne to the Thames- helped develop French trade.
190
when did cloth trade with Netherlands and Antwerp market decline?
1550s. England developed an alternative trade in Port of Emden, and a major move was made to Amsterdam.
191
hawkins' attempts to expand trade
1562- the first two were financially successful and irritated Spain.
The third expedition was blockaded in Mexican port of San Juan 1568, showing he had antagonised Anglo-Spanish relations, but brought back enough gold to wipe out English debt (£600,000).
192
what failed in 1585 and 1587?
attempts to colonise America (Virginia)
193
what did hawkins successfully secure?
investment from courtiers, such as Leicester by 1564 and Elizabeth supplied his ships.
194
what did trading companies help with?
future capitalist development. England became a seafaring nation.
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muscovy company
1555 with Russia and Northern Europe failed to compete with the Dutch- set up by Mary and paved way for Elizabethan trade.
196
eastland company
1579 trade in Baltic but had limited effect.
197
levant company
1581 successfully developed trade with Ottoman Empire.
198
east india company
1600 with Asia but had less investment than Dutch East India Company- could not compete long term.
199
why did e1 landowners become prosperous?
as landed income rose- benefited from acquiring monastery land and the unprecedented building boom.
200
what old established urban towns declined?
Winchester and Stamford, but some (York and Norwich) improved.
201
e1 what happened to urban settlements?
New urban settlements developed, and manufacturing industries increased.
202
growth of e1 port and indsutry
The growth of port and industry in London had a detrimental effect on other cities, however Newcastle benefited from London’s economic needs. Trade was buoyant.
203
what happened to real wages by 1596?
Real wages had collapsed to less than half the levels of 1587 by 1596.
204
what were the wealthiest parts of england?
The southeast, Norfolk, Suffolk and inner west country.
The poorest parts were the north and West Midlands.
205
what happened to inventories of goods?
Inventories of good left by labourers were worth 3x more than those in the North.
206
e1 bad harvests
4 bad harvests from 1594-97.
Wages fell due to harvest failures.
