Tudors a level 2019 v1 Flashcards

Question

Who was Cecil

Answer 1

Burghley Was e closest advisor

Answer 2

Saw them as wanting to overthrow Wanted marriage

Answer 3

Used hires pens, worton to attack marriage of Norfolk and Mary, Norton 1562 play about kingdom Controlled everything 1560 threatened resign if no intervention to help lords of congregation in Scotland Behind Mary execution 1586

Answer 4

1576 got Dutch to request aid via letter Took offence easily Was against Cecil Leicester had a rivalry against alliance of norfolk and Suffolk led to E saying not marry Leicester 1565-66, E was victim

Answer 5

Everyone wanted her favour Took advantage of them by using links to leading figures Rivalries ended after a while, Cecil and Leicester by 1570s Only two executions for treason, Norfolk and Sussex Prolonged decisions

Answer 6

Favours thro people flirting All female privy chamber led to a lot of gossip, 1569 picked up Norfolk’s plan to marry Mary Used possibility of marriage, Hatton stayed single, alencon led on

Answer 7

John Knox ‘blast of the trumpet against monstrous regiment of women’, female monarch against god Jealousy, Leicester married, 1574 women of privy chamber and scudmore and Mary Shelton

Answer 8

Poor attendance, less than 50% 1559, fines didn’t change it Called parliament 12 times in 45 years, subsidy bills, limited opposition Could dissolve and pirogue parliament, no opposition Kept prerogative, marriage foreign affairs religion not allowed Peter wentworth made speech to break prerogative, sent to tower 1566

Answer 9

Pressured e to execute Parliament got their way Both houses beat her

Answer 10

Used members of council Complex speeches Speaker sympathetic, lord bacon

Answer 11

1571 Strickland banned for proposal to prayer book, mps protested he came back and e never did this again Believed only bishops and convocation had say

Answer 12

1572 veto Mary queen of Scots can never be queen 1571 vetoed bill on harsh recusancy fines

Answer 13

Did not want to share power Put country first Psychological, sexual abuse, saw bad marriages Needed Protestant husband, argued as C could have private mass No husband of equal rank, however alencon was

Answer 14

Tried to marry Mary queen of Scots in 1564 E would discredit herself Bad reputation, killed wife Amy robsart

Answer 15

Cecil thought king easier to deal with Pressure eased when James 6th horn 1566 Needed heir

Answer 16

Philip 2nd, after alliance, catholic, rejected 1559 as he wanted papal Archduke Charles, rejected, was catholic and supported by Philip, Cecil revisited as England needed allies and events in Scotland and the capture of Mary made E secure so no need Charles IX, french, duke of Anjou more likely, ended due to religion in 1571 Duke of alencon, no deep religion, council opposed, 1581-2 went to court E, e sacrificed herself by not going thro

Answer 17

Stubbs wrote tract, hands cut off 1566 molyneux pressed E for marriage, e claimed naming a successor would stimulate unrest A subsidy bill included section on E promise to marriage, e furious Early parliament wanted marriage, 1559 wanted all haste, repeated again in 1563 She summoned 30 of each house, marry when she can

Answer 18

Not a huge impact Spain war, gave Mary their support Recognised James VI as successor Sent envoy to E 1561 Mary queen of Scots

Answer 19

Could not battle Did not look strong, 1553 coin made Ed look strong Threat from civil war Somerset in charge, not what Henry wanted, question legality, went against regency council, causes unrest that Ed can’t control

Answer 20

Ed expected to reach adulthood 1543 third succession act Ed Mary then e Regency council balance between reformists and catholic’s, there till ed 16

Answer 21

He had a lot of power Took Ed to Hampton court then Windsor where Ed said he was a prisoner and escaped Wriothesly did not like the religious change The events of 1549 led to this There was unrest mainly due to his methods, from Warwick, shown in pagets letters, there was anti-somerset faction

Answer 22

Somerset was released by Warwick, he continued to plot and was executed Warwick pushes for Protestantism more Removed opponents by using catholic plot on 1550 to say if you attacked Somerset, attacked Warwick, appointed himself lord president Forced to ally with radicals, impacted religious change

Answer 23

She was made heir, Northumberland’s son married her (Dudley), she was Protestant

Answer 24

She asked holy roman emperor Charles V for help Privy council recognised her as legitimate ruler when n left London

Answer 25

As his health declined, people were forced to sign Ed died 1553, no propaganda campaign, poor organisation, professional army gone 1552

Answer 26

She was lenient to most, Norfolk, pager, Gardiner Not lenient on Cecil

Answer 27

Knox said instability Did not look strong Part of reason to wyatt rebellion 1554 Can’t control factions Needed to marry, would Mary be subservient?, Englishman would dominate court, foreign could drag into wars Couldn’t lead to battle Only one before, ended in civil war

Answer 28

There was a fear over Spaniards dominating Gardiner discovered plot so wyatt has to start Only 100 executed as a result Mary stayed in London showed she could control Proctor said it was about religion to calm unrest Dec 1553 Mary put forward treaty for marriage opposed in 1554

Answer 29

Never got a c heir Hardly changed much Established committees 1554 to improve efficiency, excludes casual Size of council ineffective Death of Gardiner increased efficiency As lager had no opposition

Answer 30

Devise 1553 led to raising an army Wyatt marched to London Somerset coup Political elite abandoned government under Somerset

Answer 31

Henry’s will was upheld Elite always favoured monarch Wyatt never close to toppling Mary Jane grey for 9 days Coup short lived

Answer 32

Treaty at Cateau cambresis, ended war so focus on settlement War with F in 1558, E wanted peace, lost Calais Spain alliance, Philip wanted to marry E, wanted c S and F alliance, poor financially, 1559 Protestant lords overthrew c

Answer 33

‘Device for alteration of religion’ review of prayer book Goodrich MP

Answer 34

800 Marian exiles returned Unknown how many in England 280 martyrs E favoured those who remained Not united

Answer 35

Restored under Mary and pole Pole wanted to remove abuses

Answer 36

Via media Not P enough

Answer 37

Act of supremacy, clergy take oath, heresy laws repealed, E became supreme governor Act of uniformity, used 1552 prayer book, omitted black rubric from book denying gods presence, a return to 1548 communion and dress Monasteries redissolved First fruits and tenths Royal injunction, images and music allowed Issues resolved, united more, appeased bishops like Lincoln to tower so passed

Answer 38

Children learnt Calvinist catechism No kneeling or wedding rings, e supported this, against this as not in bible Concerned over lack of spiritual needs Only wanted what was in scripture

Answer 39

Did not see bishops in the role of keeping peace, only biblical

Answer 40

1565 Sampson was deprived for not wearing surplice Parker agreed with Sampson, only ‘,comely’ Bullinger told puritans from Zurich to keep going, didn’t want a Further Protestant split as feared c Wanted to end vestments 37 clergy lost jobs

Answer 41

1580s no threat Suffered after Leicester’s death Field died 1588 After armada 1588 e gained support C not a threat

Answer 42

Eager Protestants, named after vestment controversy

Answer 43

Whitgift, introduced 3 articles No Protestant doctrine Had to read bible to be Puritan so limited Not many committed to go to extra sermons Field never had enough supporters for a new church

Answer 44

Cecil and Leicester helped Prophesyings clergy used to discuss bible Leaders like Cartwright survived

Answer 45

1571 Strickland, proposed reforms to common prayer book, banned by e brought back by demand Cope proposals, sympathy for Presbyterians, 1586 bill and book, Replace book of prayer for genevas book 39 articles, beliefs accepted by convocation 1563, 1571 clergy only needed convocation so e concession

Answer 46

Archbishop 1558-75 Not Marian exile, ideal Pushed for 39 articles Bad as defended clergical marriage Dealt with vestament controversy in 1560s, thro ‘advertisements’, asking for uniformity

Answer 47

Archbishop 1575-83 Was a Marin exile Sympathised with puritans E ordered ban on prophesyings as worried due to treason, he refused, banned Discredited the church

Answer 48

Archbishop from 1583-1604 Court of high commission against non-conformists 3 questions to test loyalty Removed Cartwright

Answer 49

Early years little support from Philip 2 Small amount of recusants Most outwardly conformed C practices continued Once Mary arrested little action

Answer 50

Connections to Pope Some catholics in England could help

Answer 51

Setup in Douai C needed sacraments so needed priests 1577 magne executed for treason, possession of a papal bull, act in 1575 1574 first priests arrived

Answer 52

1581 act recusancy fines to £20 a person Treason to recognise Rome Allen said no compromise Act 1585 treason to be ordained as catholic priest Diminished by 1589

Answer 53

French wanted her Philip 2 supported e Mary refuses to ratify treaty of Edinburgh French king died and Mary lost Scotland 1561 she returned to Scotland accepting Protestant C threat low

Answer 54

Mary forced to abdicate and fled to England House arrest Protestants wanted to kill her

Answer 55

1569 c earls led to rising in north to try to rescue Mary 1570 pope pius V deposed E 1571 ridolfi plot, Mary to marry norfolk, 1572 parliament wanted both killed 1583 throckmorton 1584 bond of association to protect e 1586 babington 1586 privy council pushed for her execution

Answer 56

Failed to ever have a sustenance economy Inflation Prices of food increased Enclosures, due to demand for cloth

Answer 57

1547 vagrancy act slavery for two years Vagrants increased Population rose 2.3 to 3 million, 1525-1551, children meant less farmers Decline in living standards Dissolution of monasteries got rid of those who helped poor

Answer 58

Somerset debased coinage for war with Scotland caused mass inflation Proclamation to fix enclosures, issued 1549, landowners ignored so peasantry to into their own hands led to unrest Enclosures seen as greed

Answer 59

Somerset’s position questionable Somerset has no royal authority Policies challenged like 1549 Mid 1549 25 counties unrest Most risings ended with local gentry only two needed gov Most risings deep issues

Answer 60

Prayer book rebellion 1548 body returned to supervise destruction of images and was murdered 1549 peasants gathered in Bodmin against act of uniformity Led to larger one at sampford courtenay Peasants wanted old customs Demands probably from catholic priests Demands also about sheep and cloth tax Cornish rebels killed gentry During siege of Exeter, worried as poor may join, wealthy helped poor stopped rebels Gentry Gained rebels not so

Answer 61

Kett rebellion, Robert kett Started from enclosure riot in Norfolk Rioters most angry with John flowerdew, demolished church and enclosing land Kett assumed leadership of unrest Kett also enclosed land Force of 16000 marched on Norwich Royal pardon didn’t get rid of them Northampton had 14000 troops lost Earl of Warwick massacred peasants List of 29 demands Gentry killed In Norwich 6% people owned 60% Sheffield killed Worsened as cloth trade decreased Also class warfare

Answer 62

Agricultural, concerned over saffron, gentry couldn’t graze sheep on land, fishing rights questioned Economic demands, concerns of rising rents which were trying to counter inflation Religious, none really as they were Protestant Social demands, social structure, attacked gentry, argued over end of serfdom

Answer 63

Surrey enclosures People at time blamed catholic’s, true they did influence

Answer 64

Most opposition to Somerset than any other Tudor government Harmony collapsed Only two full scale Others put down by gentry Government vulnerable as war with scot and threat from France 3000 rebels killed in west rebellion Had to raise large army for kett After kett rebels treated leniently Rebels never united

Answer 65

Ed concerned of Mary Northumberland wanted to secure his position Knew under Mary he will be excluded over religion Thought he had support from elite after Somerset Concerns of female rule

Answer 66

Mary married Philip Hatred of foreigners England dragged into Habsburg wars 1553 plot to replace Mary with E Courtenay and E interrogated Only wyatt out of 4 Wyatt supported Mary against lady Jane grey Feared loss of influence after marriage Many Ed supported saw rebellion as way back in Religion may be as its hard to win people over Played on patriotism Duke of Norfolk’s army joined rebels Proctor said religion was main reason 1554

Answer 67

Religious, all leaders Protestant, area was radical, wyatt had advice from Protestants, no member was catholic, rebels attacked Gardiner in London Economic, cloth trade down, unemployment up Could be down to leaders of rebellion wanted control

Answer 68

Jane Grey proclaimed herself queen Wyatt got to London Actions of Mary kept tudors going

Answer 69

Ordinary income, patronage, custom duties, crown lands Mary 1st reforms Gresham pushed for credit rating, Cecil 1571 act 10% interest charged on loans Hep from paulet No aggressive taxation like amicable grant 1525 Extraordinary income, parliamentary taxation, only called parliament for this E’s character, no building projects, surplus of £300000 by 1584, no debt by 1571, no family

Answer 70

Debt of £227000 from war with France, Antwerp 14% interest Gresham’s three reasons for debt, debasement of coinage, war, position of Hanseatic league

Answer 71

Increased from £86000 to £11100, Less than nobility Nobles increased rent, E didn’t risk this so got less E did not want to exploit tenants

Answer 72

E asked for money when summoned them Tax in two forms, fifteenths and tenths raised £30000, subsidy bill raised £100000 parliament ordered one latter two first one Much less money than Henry 8 Taxes collected by gentry and landowners and were severely under assessed, e did not pay for service in order not to alienate gentry, so not fully exploited Burghley not willing to increase taxes

Answer 73

E benefited from revision of book of rates from Mary New rates 1558 from Mary Revenue went from £29000 1557 to £82000 1558, by 1590s only £91000, struggled to keep up with inflation E needed to encourage more trade 1563 exports of £1100000 needed new markets to grow E wanted cloth finishing to be done in England not Netherlands Legislation affected little but queen sold licenses High duties led to more smuggling, 1559 act as to where goods could be loaded or landed, hard to enforce Some improvements

Answer 74

Mary changed so 3/4 crown income collected by exchequer of receipt Less duplication of officials and savings Paulet wanted to end use of storage of money in officials houses, many used money to speculate As paulet deteriorated 1571 officers ‘borrowed’ £44000 Cecil introduced reforms Inflation eroded salaries of officials so encouraged officials to find money elsewhere, such as from favours, lessened royal control Councillors formed finance committee to be more effective Paulet built £8000 building for 80 officers, most expensive project non defensive

Answer 75

Church collected first fruits and tenths, which used to go to Pope, made grants at the same time as parliament E kept bishops vacancies to limit salaries Fines for non attendance increased 1581 recusancy fines increased, collection sporadic as JPs were sympathetic to Rome catholic’s Church taxed more than laity E more concerned of conformity over revenue E did not tax all catholic’s to gain favour

Answer 76

War in Netherlands Had a situation in Ireland similar to Philip 2 and Dutch E concerned of Spanish power and wanted to encourage Dutch, occupied Spanish resources to keep them rebellious 1566 Flemings left Flanders and came to England, enhanced royal income Claims to Spain monopolising trade with America was challenged, Cecil said England does not acknowledge them England in 1563 restricted Flemish and increased customs duties Spain had similar restrictions, England left Antwerp English treated badly in Spanish ports, even though England not directly in war 1568 e took over loan from Spanish ships carrying bullion for herself, Spanish seized property, so did England, ended trade Could have seriously affected England but merchants use La Rochelle and Hamburg to bring goods to England, Spain suffered more 1573 trade began, England gained £21000 more 1576 Spanish fury in Antwerp as troops not paid Hostilities paid off with drakes expedition 1577-1580, knighted 1585 necessity for intervention, treaty of nonsuch committed e provide English force of £126000, half of ordinary income Drake captured £140000 in 1587 E did not profit of war with Spain

Answer 77

Growing population needed more food so prices rose, blamed on greedy people Caused by debasement of coinage and price rises Industry less affected 1571 billion from new world, smith argued in commonwealth of England, great stove of treasure, we know it wasn’t a major factor Tried to revalue coinage but limited as war cost more 1590s poor harvests led to famine No one could explain inflation

Answer 78

1561 all coins called in but prices did not go down Privy council forced to raise loans in Antwerp reduced value of £ People just used same price as old money Government tried to cut down on what you could wear and what could be imported, led to trade embargoes By 1594 aware

Answer 79

Price control carried out by legislative E’s predecessors passed laws of maximum and minimum prices for goods, e only enforced price of french wine so not help poor Tried encouraging lent and fish days, limited as 1563 protest called ‘Cecil’s fast’, considered to be a practice for papists Encouraged more fishing E forbade grain exports when price rose 1586 book of orders to JPs no hoarding grain, and sold in small amounts Clergy preached evils of hoarding Legislation in 1597-98 reflected difficulties, houses in disrepair were refurbished, JPs fixed wages, acts passed to help poor

Answer 80

Export trade in cloth 1558 confined to Antwerp Muscovy company developed a russian market Merchants London interested in guinea coast American trade controlled by spanish Financed from private investors, bought shares

Answer 81

Muscovy company traded with Russia Goods from Russia aided naval capacity Wanted to undercut Portuguese of spices from Persia Hawkins looked for slaves, 1562 acquired 300 slaves sold them for profit 1570s English directly traded with Mediterranean used to be dominated by Italians in land 1580s levant company traded with Turkish empire 1577 e granted traders monopolies on whaling round spitzburgen, English found competition hard 1579 eastland company formed depot in Poland to try get Baltic trade Drake carried out more hostile attacks on America’s Raleigh and Gilbert east coast of America long term implications 1591 Lancaster reached India led to east India company 1600

Answer 82

Badly affected by war in Netherlands Rivalry with merchants of Hanse who wanted control of Germany Danes charged heavy tolls on ships in Baltic Shah did not want business with non Muslims Routes too long for a profit 1573 Persian route abandoned Spanish fleet attacked Hawkins

Answer 83

Main export was cloth A factor for change was refugees from Netherlands as revolt cloth workers crossed channel to England, brought new techniques New products fresh

Answer 84

Monopolies rights given by the queen E used to reward courtiers and protect investors Main complaint as price had no competition 1589 parliament mps protested abuses concerned with purveyance, e promised reforms, she was reluctant and told commons to setup a committee to look at abuse 1597 commons concerned over monopolies, e praised amendment thro Egerton, some grants withdrawn, period of unrest 1601 monopolies bad, new grants reflected e poor finance MPs wanted bill to remedy this, list read hakewill ‘is not bread there’ MPs who wanted reform put forward evidence as to why they were bad E suspended grants, proclamation annulling worst monopolies

Answer 85

Harrison reckoned 10000 vagrants JP caveat for common cursitors, 23 ways of knavery Population increased at rate which outstripped productivity Prices rose more than wages Living standards declined 1/4 over reign Two reasons migration of workers and unemployed Rising or north 1565 could be from vagrants Population 4.1 million by 1601 1563 act helped as it said said land tilled for 4 years can’t be pasture, exaggerated as enclosure less prevalent in e reign 1593 tillage laws repealed

Answer 86

St bartholomews hospital for the sick St Thomas’s hospital, greyfriars orphanage Norwich 650 people contributed to 200 poor Some cities tax give to poor, Ipswich York small daily payment Fines for non attendance used to help poor

Answer 87

Employers concerned over inflation 1563 statue of artificers passed, under 30 who were unmarried bound to serve employer, limit discontent, everyone to work on land unless exception, wage rates settled locally Act also for apprenticeships, only seven year ones, limit to how many could be taken on Did not solve a lot as people still had to move a lot for work Act of artificers little relevance to farmers

Answer 88

1563 alms act, punishment for beggars, idle and deserving, people forced to pay for poor 1572 vagabonds or poor relief act, contribution to poor rate compulsory, begging had to be licensed in parishes, over 14 whipped and burned thro war, young children put in work 1576 act for relief of the poor, all large towns provide, persistent beggars to house of correction 1598 act for relief of the poor, maximum amount for poor rate, pauper children apprenticeships till 24, begging forbidden, JPs responsible for overseeing laws, people encouraged to help 1598 act for the punishment of rogues, vagabonds and sturdy beggars, banished or sent to gallows 1601 poor law, changes made permanent

Answer 89

Reformation ended idea of good works, no conscience Norfolk wills generous Ipswich from Tooley a merchant housed 40 poor Leicester set up hospital Bristol merchants gave food Queen gave £1000 to help destroyed homes 1584 Only small minority of poor

Answer 90

Peter wentworth pamphlet on how weak country would be, died in prison 1597

Answer 91

1593 House of Commons asked for remedy of purveyance Parliament wanted bill Pressed petitions in E hands MP wingfield raised question

Answer 92

E ended worst ones E golden speech 1601, ended opposition

Answer 93

Lord keeper egerton was sympathetic Bacon supported prerogative Cecil outraged at opposition

Answer 94

1593 parliament measures against catholics and puritans angered e, c can’t go more than 5 miles from home Parliament how whitgift dealt with puritans 1589 1601 bill passed stopped priests having more than one job, blocked by whitgift

Answer 95

No pressure to marry Parliament 1601, Cecil needed £300000 grant, Raleigh said landowners were under-assessed Only called parliament 4 times Support for E after defeating armada 1588 1589 House of Commons 2 bills, 4 10ths and 15ths, twice usual amount, repeated in 1593 1597, burghley said more needed, conference of houses, only £480000 raised 1589, 3 bills and 6 10ths and 15ths, burghley decisive

Answer 96

1596 James threatened becoming catholic James put pressure on e James helped after Essex rebellion

Answer 97

Sent gifts to Henry VI, did not work E spent £4.5 million 1599 had to sell £200000 crown lands Phillip 2 bankrupt 1596 so support reduced

Answer 98

4000 sent to France 10000 troops to Holland Defeated armada 1588, showed e strength, armies were disbanded, Leicester died 1588

Answer 99

Late 1590s old councillors dead Feud between Essex and Cecil Essex favoured action, 1592 siege of Rouen lifted, burghley didn’t

Answer 100

Big guilty Killed for plot on ‘e’ Showed hate of foreigners

Answer 101

Divisions in religion so not effective Loyal to E, did not want Philip 2

Answer 102

Vagabonds increased Poor suffered most, could not afford wheat Plague, book of orders to quarantine Millions more people

Answer 103

Poor during 1580s, increased food price, doubled by 1596 Privy council forbade export in grain 1598 improved

Answer 104

Oxford rising 1596, not a threat at all, leaders executed and torture used under 1571 treasons act, tillage act 1597 reversed enclosure since 1588, 20 year olds ( most affected), against enclosures, ringleaders wanted to throw down enclosures get guns then march to London

Answer 105

Most Ipswich 1586 Food riot Kent 1595 Apprentices regularly rioted in London

Answer 106

Tyrone won battle of yellow ford 1598, had control Fear would let Spain invade O’Neil rebellion Mountjoy crushed rebellion in Ireland

Answer 107

Troops treated the poor Mutiny 1602 Monopolies Officers were attacked Famine Plague Wages

Answer 108

Came to prominence at court as a result of his birth, his connections, personal attributes General under Leicester in 1585 Master of the horse 1587 Leicester

Answer 109

1589 joined expedition to Lisbon against direct orders Essex over optimistic about himself, 1592 wasting time conferring with henry IV Weakened by rivalry with Cecil’s weakened him, 1593 tried to get bacon attorney-general, cecil favoured coke as bacon had annoyed e in 1593 parliament. He didn’t get role with damaged his reputation as a patron Could not decide his role, while 1596 won acclaim expedition to Cadiz, cecil appointed secretary consolidating Cecil’s control of the government Bad luck, 1597 ‘islands voyage’ failed because of weather Reacted badly when didn’t get own way, 1598 annoyed queen about who to send to Ireland, she slapped him His role in Ireland proved disastrous Returned from Ireland without royal permission enraged the queen he was put in house arrest

Answer 110

Essex had support at court like earl of Worcester E showed concern of his support, showed in public address to JPs Political agitators blamed unrest on Essex failing E sent mountjoy too ireland removing Essex as an ally E did not renew patent on imported sweet wines, most of his income Essex tried to persuade mountjoy to return with an army to support him Made approaches to James VI suggesting Cecil planned to put the spanish infanta as ruler

Answer 111

Essex driven to insanity so not impactful He had no large support group Only 6 executions Overestimated public support realistic plan by earl of Southampton to take control of palace of Whitehall, failed as supporter got cold feet Essex has support in wales, too far away for any good One of his men wanted to burst into the queen at dinner and demand Essex release, he failed Played on cecilian regime dislike, could not unite enemies Executed then government on a single faction

Answer 112

Raleigh disgraced for making bess throckmorton pregnant Earl of Southampton left country after affair with Elizabeth vernon became public Economic crisis 1590s character less convincing Attendance at court fell off and 1600 aristocracy reluctant to accompany e to the earl of hertfords estates E seemed depressed after Essex death She took time in private when ill to not look frail, people complained she’s not in public Poor appearance, 1596 council proclamation that improper portraits of queen were destroyed, portraits had to be approved, rainbow portrait 1600-3 symbolised she had wise counsel Not all bad, 1603 she welcomed an Italian envoy from Venice

Tudors a level 2019 v1 Flashcards

(137 cards)