Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOANATOMY > TUMORS > Flashcards

TUMORS Flashcards

1
Q

Define tumor

A

abnormal tissue mass whose growth is uncontrolled and uncoordinated with normal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are tumours reversible?

A

not reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens if tumours are not treated?

A

> progress into malignant tumour

> leading to complication and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is carcinogenesis?

A

> causes of neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Outline characteristics of malignant tumour?

A

> reoccurrence
metastasise
haemorrhage
necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define neoplasia?

A

new growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define tumour?

A

> swelling
lump
inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give examples of normal new cell growth not related to neoplasm (tumour) ?

A

> embryogenesis
regeneration/ repair
hyperplasia
hormonal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do neoplastic cells loose?

A

> loose control > uncontrolled growth

> loose regulation of replication > abnormal division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Requirements for tumour growth (autonomy) ?

A

> produce their own bloodstream

> nutrients from macro-organism (host)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline a special biochemical feature of tumours?

A

> anaerobic glycolysis

> secretion of abnormal about of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why do tumours need anaerobic glycolysis ?

A

> aerobic glycolysis only produce 2 ATP
not enough
produce more lactic acid > undergoing anaerobic glycolysis
producing more ATP energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give an example of abnormal amount of hormone secretion by tumours? Explain its effect.

A

> parathyroid adenoma
PTH
hyperparathyroidism
Ca-P disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Outline function feature of benign tumour and malignant tumour?

A

BENIGN TUMOUR
> increased activity

MALIGNANT TUMOUR
> altered > preserve activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome? Give an example.

A

> group of disorders triggered by abnormal immune system response to a tumour
when cancer fighting WBC + Abs start attacking normal cells

EXAMPLE
> THROMBOPHLEBITIS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

> inflammatory process due to tumour

> cause blood clotting + block veins (legs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are tumour synthesises substances? Why are they clinically important? Example?

A

> tumour markers
can be used for diagnosis
e.g&raquo_space; alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which type of tumour cause more effect in P?

A

> malignant tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Outline clinical effects of neoplasia?

A

> local effect
cancer cachexia
fever
paraneoplastic syndromes

20
Q

Is local effect found in both types of tumour? Outline local effects of tumour?

A

> found in both benign + malignant

CAUSE LOCAL EFFECT DUE TO:
> size and localisation
> compression of nearby tissue
> mechanical obstruction
> tissue destruction 
> infarction (necrosis due to lack of blood supply)
> ulceration 
> hemorrhage
21
Q

Outline cancer cachexia of tumour?

A

> “cancer anorexia”

> anorexia and asthenia (no physical energy) together

> loss of fat + muscle due to chronic cancer

22
Q

Outline fever of tumour?

A

> tumour cells
elaborate pyrogens
causing fever

23
Q

Outline paraneoplastic syndrome of tumour?

A

> group of conditions developing in advance cancer

> not explained by direct and distant spread of tumour

> abnormal immune system response affected by tumours

24
Q

What are impacts on body of tumours?

A 
> deformations 
> compressions
> pain
> necrosis
> anaemic syndrome 
> suppressed immunity 
> cachexia
25
Q

What are most common cancers in men?

A

> prostate
lung
colon
testes

26
Q

What are most common cancers in female?

A

> breast
uterus
ovaries

27
Q

Outline pathogenesis of neoplasia?

A

1) viral genetic theory
2) physiochemical theory
3) dysontogenetic theory
4) polyetiological theory

28
Q

Outline factors leading to tumours?

A

> physical carcinogenesis (ionising radiation)

> chemical carcinoggenisis
( smoke/ chemical exposure)

> viral carcingogenisis
(hepatitis, papilloma)

> genetic factors
(oncogenes)

29
Q

Outline cancers caused by ionising radiation?

.

A

> skin cancer

> acute/ chronic leukaemia

> neoplasm of hematopoeisis

> thyroid cancer

> bone cancer

30
Q

Outline physical factors causing cancer?

A

> heat

  • overuse of hot drinks
  • throat + oesophagus cancer

> UV

  • skin cancer (common in light skin => dark skin have melanin protecting from UV)
  • facial cancer
31
Q

Degree of skin cancer risk of UV exposure depends on?

A

> type of UV
intensity of exposure
quantity of UV absorbed
protective mantle of melanin in skin

32
Q

Outline types of UV?

Which is most cancerous UV for skin?

A

> UV A
UV B
UV C

UV B - most cancerous for skin cancer

33
Q

How does UV B cause cancer in cells?

A

> causes formation of pyramiding dimers in DNA

> this DNA damage is repaired by nucleotide excision repair pathway

> 5 steps in nucleotide excision repair pathway

> with excessive UVB exposure - nucleotide excision repair pathway becomes overwhelmed

> error-prone non templated DNA repair mechanism is operative

> > leading to survival of cancerous cells

34
Q

Outline the steps involved in chemical carcinogenesis?

A

> initiation step

> promotion step

35
Q

Explain initiation step of chemical carcinogenesis?

A

changes genes > becoming oncogenes

> exposure of cells to sufficient dose of carcinogenic agents

> initiated cells = altered

> permanent DNA damage

> potential tumour

tumor suppressor genes
> P53
> RAS
> MYC

36
Q

Explain promotion step of chemical carcinogensisi?

A

activation of altered genes

> promoters induce tumours in initiated cells

> promoters are not tumorigenic themselves

> promoters only cause tumour if cell undergone initiation step

> promoters do not cause tumours directly

PROMOTERS:
> hormones
> esters
> phenols

37
Q

Why are chemical carcinogens highly reactive?

A

> highly reactive electrophiles (electron deficient)

> react with nucleophilic (electron rich) sites of cells

  • DNA
  • RNA
  • proteins

this highly active reaction can lead to death

38
Q

Outline a hormone involved in chemical carcinogensisi?

A

OESTROGENS
> breast cancer
> endometrium cancer
> benign myometrial tumours

39
Q

What is aflatoxin B?

A

> substance produced by fungi grown on grains and nuts not stored properly

> causing cancer

40
Q

Define oncogenes?

A

genes that stimulate autonomic growth of tumour cells

41
Q

Define protooncogenes?

A

> normal genes requires for normal cell divines

> can mutate to become oncogenes and stimulate tumour

42
Q

What activates oncogenes and protooncogenes?

A

> point mutation
translocation
amplification

43
Q

What is p53 gene?

A

> found in normal cell cycle which control normal cell division

> mutation in p53 leads to abnormal proliferation of cells causing cancer

44
Q

What are tumour markers?

A

> oncoprotein or mutated forms of proteins

> indicating presence of tumour

45
Q

What is oncoprotein?

A

> product of mutated oncogenes

> regulate proteins linked to tumour cells

46
Q

Which are most important cancer forming substance in cigar smoke?

A

> tar
benzopyrene
anthracene

47
Q

What is anthracosis and how does it look on on lungs?

A

> chronic lung disorder with deposition of coal and carbon in lung parenchyma leading to formation of black nodules and emphysema

> black spots on lungs

PATHOANATOMY (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions