Tumour Pathology

Question 1

What is a tumour?

Answer 1

An abnormal growing mass of tissue

Question 2

What are the two types of tumour?

Answer 2

Benign and malignant

Question 3

When do benign cancers cause problems?

Answer 3

When they appear near a vital organ

Question 4

Name a glandular, benign epithelial tumour?

Answer 4

Adenoma

Question 5

Name a malignant white blood cell tumour?

Answer 5

Leukaemia

Question 6

Name a malignant lymphoid tissue tumour?

Answer 6

Lymphoma

Question 7

When are onco-fetal proteins normally present?

Answer 7

During fetal development

Question 8

Onco-fetal proteins can also be switched on when?

Answer 8

In tumours

Question 9

What is CEA used as a biomarker for?

Answer 9

Colon cancer

Question 10

What is Her2 used as a biomarker for?

Answer 10

Breast Cancer

Question 11

WHat is alpha-fetoprotein used a biomarker for?

Answer 11

Teratoma of testis

Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Question 12

What is tumour morphology?

Answer 12

What tumours look like microscopically

Question 13

What do cancer cells show a variation in?

Answer 13

Size and shapes

Question 14

What is tumour growth a balance between?

Answer 14

Cell growth and death

Question 15

What is tumour angiogenesis?

Answer 15

New blood vessel formation by tumours

Question 16

What do more blood vessels provide a route for?

Answer 16

Release of tumour cells into circulation

Question 17

What is apoptosis?

Answer 17

Mechanims of programmed single cell death

Question 18

What does apoptosis regulate?

Answer 18

Tumour growth

Question 19

What is the major clinical problem of cancer?

Answer 19

Formation of metastatic tumouts?

Question 20

What are metastatic tumours?

Answer 20

Secondary tumours

Question 21

Where is a good environment for tumours to grow in terms of lymphatics?

Answer 21

The lymph node

Question 22

What is the spread of tumour cells across body cavities called?

Answer 22

Trans-coelomic spread

Question 23

What are the 5 common sites of metastasis?

Answer 23

Liver
Lung
Brain
Bone
Adrenal Gland

Question 24

What are 4 uncommon sites of metastasis?

Answer 24

Spleen
Kidney
Skeletal muscle
Heart

Question 25

Name the 2 local effects of benign tumours

Answer 25

Pressure and Obstruction

Question 26

What is the local effect produced by growing structure of a tumour?

Answer 26

Pressure

Question 27

What can bleeding from a malinant tumour lead to?

Answer 27

Anaemia | Haemorrhage

Question 28

What are the 2 types of secretion of hormones from malignant tumours?

Answer 28

Normal | Abnormal

Question 29

What is abnormal secretion of hormones in malignant tumours?

Answer 29

Hormone production on organs that don't normally produce hormones

Question 30

What can ADH secretion lead to being spotted?

Answer 30

Lung Cancer

Question 31

Which syndromes cannot be explained by local or metastatic effects of tumours?

Answer 31

Paraneoplastic syndromes

Question 32

What is neuropathy?

Answer 32

Abnormality of the nerve

Question 33

What is myopathy?

Answer 33

Abnormalities of the muscle

Question 34

What is dysplasia?

Answer 34

A pre-malignant change

Question 35

Where is dysplasia identified?

Answer 35

Epithelium

Question 36

What can dysplasia progress to?

Answer 36

Cancer

Question 37

What does high grading dysplasia mean??

Answer 37

Very close to becoming a cancer

Question 38

What is the difference between dysplastic and cancerous cells?

Answer 38

Dysplastic cells show no evidence of invasion

Question 39

Give an example of a dysplasia identification test?

Answer 39

Cervical cancer screening

Question 40

Where are dysplastic cells detected?

Answer 40

Squamous epithelium of cervix

Question 41

What is mitosis a mechanism of?

Answer 41

Cellular respiration

Question 42

What is the cell cycle defined as?

Answer 42

The time interval between mitotic divisions

Question 43

What are the 3 steps involved in interphase?

Answer 43

G1 S G2

Question 44

Neurons and heart muscles are permanently in what stage?

Answer 44

G0 stage

Question 45

During the G1 stage, what happens to the cell?

Answer 45

It increases in size

Question 46

What occurs in stage S?

Answer 46

DNA replication

Question 47

If the nutrient supply is inadequate, where is the cell cycle arrested?

Answer 47

G1

Question 48

What does the G1 checkpoint ensure?

Answer 48

That everything is ready for DNA synthesis

Question 49

What does the G2 checkpoint ensure?

Answer 49

Everything is ready to enter the M phase

Question 50

Which molecule activates CDK?

Answer 50

Cyclin D

Question 51

What is the active form of retinoblastoma?

Answer 51

Rb (hypophosphorylated)

Question 52

If Rb is active, what does it inactive?

Answer 52

E2F

Question 53

What is E2F a potent stimulator of?

Answer 53

Entry into the cell cycle

Question 54

What inactivates Rb?

Answer 54

CDKs adding a phosphate

Question 55

During CHEMICAL carcinogenesis, purine and pyrimidine bases are critically damaged by what?

Answer 55

Oxidising agents | Alkylating agents

Question 56

DNA adducts are formed when DNA reacts with what?

Answer 56

Chemical carcinogens

Question 57

During RADIATION carcinogenesis, purine and pyrimidine bases are targets for what?

Answer 57

Radiation damage

Question 58

In what type of cells do p53 levels increase?

Answer 58

Damaged cells