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Principle of Diseases NA > Tumour pathology > Flashcards

Tumour pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tumour ?

A

A tumour (neoplasm) is an abnormal growing mass of tissue. Its growth continues after the removal of any stimulus which may have caused the tumour.

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2
Q

What are the types of tumour ?

A

Benign

Malignant

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3
Q

What are the fundamental properties of a malignant tumour ?

A

Invasion

Metastasis

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4
Q

What are epithelial malignant tumours called ?

A

Carcinomas

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5
Q

What are connective tissue malignant tumours called ?

A

Sarcomas

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6
Q

What is leukaemia the cancer of ?

A

WBCs

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7
Q

Give an example of tumours in the CNS and ANS

A

CNS - astrocytoma

PNS - schwannoma

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8
Q

What are teratomas the cancer of ?

A

Germ cells

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9
Q

What are ovarian teratomas usually ?

What are testicular teratomas usually ?

A

Benign

Malignant.

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10
Q

What are the features of a benign tumour ? (6)

A 
Usually encapsulated
No evidence of invasion
No metastatsis
Well differentiated
Function is similar to normal tissue 
Rarely causes death
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11
Q

What are the features of a malignant tumour ? (6)

A 
Invasive growth pattern 
No capsule, or the capsule is breached by tumour cells 
Evidence of metastasis
Poorly differentiated
Loss of normal function
Frequently causes death
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12
Q

Name the categories of tumour biomarkers

A

Onco-fetal proteins
Onco genes
Growth factors and receptors

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13
Q

Name the benign and malignant tumours of glandular epithelium

A

Benign : adenoma

Malignant : adeno - carcinoma

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14
Q

Name the benign and malignant tumours of squamous epithelium

A

Benign : squamous papilloma

Malignant : squamous - carcinoma

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15
Q

Name the benign and malignant tumours of bone tissue

A

Benign : osteoma

Malignant : osteo - sarcoma

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16
Q

Name the benign and malignant tumours of fat tissue

A

Benign : lipoma

Malignant : lipo - sarcoma

17
Q

Name the benign and malignant tumours of fibrous tissue

A

Benign : fibroma

Malignant : fibro - sarcoma

18
Q

List the properties of cancer cells

A 
Altered Genetics
        - Loss of tumour suppressor genes
        - Gain of function of oncogenes
Altered Cellular Function
	-Tumour-related proteins
Abnormal structure
Cells capable of independent growth
19
Q

What are tumour biomarkers used in ?

A

Screening
Diagnosis
Prognostic treatment
Predictive treatment

20
Q

Explain tumour angiogenesis

A

Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels. As a tumour grows it needs more and more nutrients. After a certain size, it cant gain enough through diffusion from the surrounding environment, so new blood vessels form to give it more nutrients. It also gives the tumour a path to metastasis if part of it breaks off. The greater the number of new blood vessels formed, the worse the prognosis

21
Q

What are the modes of spread of cancer. Explain each one.

A

Local Spread
 - Malignant tumour invades surrounding connective tissue and the invades the lymph/blood vessels
Lymphatic Spread
 - Tumour cells adhere to lymph vessels, penetrate, then pass to the lymph nodes forming a metastasis, which can be used as clinical evidence
Blood Spread
 - Tumour cells invade blood cells and eventually the tissues, before forming a metastasis
Trans-coelomic Spread
 - The spread of tumour cells across body cavities e.g. pleural or peritoneal
 Shown in stomach, ovary, colon and lung tumours.

22
Q

What are the common sites of metastasis ?

A 
Liver
Brain 
Lungs
Bone (axial skeleton)
Adrenal glands
23
Q

Describe the local effects of benign tumours

A

Pressure

Obstruction

24
Q

Describe the local effects of malignant tumours

A 
Pressure 
Obstruction
Tissue destruction 
   - ulceration/infection
Bleeding
   - Anaemia 
   - Haemorrhage
Pain 
   - Pressure on nerves
   - Perineural infiltration
25
Q

What are the systematic effects of malignant tumours ?

A 
Secretion of hormones
  - normal 
  - abnormal 
Weight loss
Effects of treatment
26
Q

Explain what is meant by normal production of hormones by a malignant tumour

A

The hormone usually produced by the endocrine organ is the one produced, however there is an abnormal amount of production/secretion

27
Q

Explain what is meant by abnormal production of hormones by a malignant tumour

A

The hormone produced by the endocrine organ is completely different from the one it usually produces

28
Q

What is dysplasia ?

A

Dysplasia is a pre-malignant change that can be used to indicate the tumour is becoming malignant. It is identified in the epithelium, without invasion.

29
Q

Features of dysplasia

A 
Disorganisation of cells
   - increased nuclear size
   - increased mitotic activity 
   - abnormal mitoses
No invasion

Principle of Diseases NA (11 decks)

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