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TSAC 1 > Tutorials 1-4 > Flashcards

Tutorials 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of Vertebral Column:

A
  1. Transmit load/force
  2. Facilitate movement/site of attachment for ligaments and tendons
  3. Protect neural structures (Spinal cord)
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2
Q

Curvature of Vertebral Column

A

Lordosis = Concave
Kyphosis = Convex

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3
Q

Number of Vertebrae in each region:

A

7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
5 Sacral
4 coccygeal

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4
Q

Typical Vertebral Body of Cervical Vertebra

A

Small and wider from side to side than anteroposteriorly; superior surface concave (uncinate process)

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5
Q

Typical Vertebral Foramen of Cervical Vertebra

A

Large and triangular

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6
Q

Typical Transverse Processes in Cervical Vertebra

A
  • Transverse foramen
  • Anterior and posterior tubercles
  • Vertebral arteries
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7
Q

Typical Articular Processes of Cervical Vertebra

A
  • Superior articular facets directed superoposteriorly
  • Inferior facets directed infero-anteriorly
  • Obliquely placed facets almost horizontal
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8
Q

Typical Spinous Process of Cervical Vertebra

A

Short (C3-C5) and bifid (C3-C6); spinous process of C6 long, C7 longer

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9
Q

What are Uncovertebral Joints between?

A

Between uncinate processes of inferior vertebra and inferior endplate of superior vertebra

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10
Q

What do uncovertebral joints facilitate?

A
  • Flexion/extension
  • Limit lateral flexion
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11
Q

What are the Atypical Cervical Vertebra

A

C1, C2 & C7

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12
Q

Typical Vertebral Body of the Thoracic Body

A
  • Heart shaped
  • Costal facets for articulations of rib
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13
Q

Typical vertebral foramen of thoracic vertebra

A

Circular and smaller than cervical and lumbar. Approx size of distal portion of medium size index finger

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14
Q

Cervical Vertebrae Features

A
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15
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae Features

A
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16
Q

Typical Transverse Process of Thoracic Vertebra

A
  • Long and strong.
  • Extends posterolaterally; length diminishes from T1-T12; T1-T10 have facets for articulation with rib
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17
Q

Typical Articular Processes of Thoracic Vertebra

A
  • Nearly vertical articular facets
  • Superior facet directed posteriorly and slightly laterally; inferior facets directed anteriorly and slightly medially
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18
Q

Typical Spinous Process of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

Long; slope postero-inferiorly; tip extends to vertebral body below

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19
Q

What are the Atypical Thoracic Vertebrae

A

T1, T9-T12

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20
Q

Why is T1 Atypical?

A
  • Complete costal facets
  • Height of vertebral body and spinous process shape similar to Cx
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21
Q

Why are T9-T12 Atypical?

A
  • Complete costal facets
  • SP taking characteristics of lumbar spine
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22
Q

Typical Vertebral Body of Lumbar Vertebra

A

Large, kidney shaped

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23
Q

Typical Vertebral Foramen of Lumbar Vertebra

A

Triangular, larger than thoracic, smaller than cervical

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24
Q

Typical Articular Processes of Lumbar Vertebra

A
  • Nearly vertical articular facets
  • Superior facet directed posteromedially
  • Inferior facets directed anterolaterally
  • Mammillary process on posterior surface of superior articular facet
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25
Typical Lumbar Vertebrae
26
What are the atypical lumbar vertebrae?
L5 - Largest body and TP
27
Facet joint orientation in Cx
45 degrees on the frontal plane
28
Facet joint orientation in Tx
60 to the transverse plane
29
Facet joint orientation in Lx
90 degrees sagittal plane
30
Atlanto-Occipital joint
Articulation between superior articular facet of atlas and condyles of occiput
31
Atlanto-axial Joint
- Two lateral atlanto-axial joints between facets - One median atlanto-axial joint between dens and anterior arch of atlas
32
Ligamentous Structure between atlas and axis
- Transverse ligament of the atlas - Alar ligament - Apical ligament - tectorial membrane
33
Ligaments of the vertebral column:
- Anterior longitudinal - Posterior longitudinal (becomes tectorial membrane) - Interspinous - Supraspinous - Intertransverse - Ligamentum flavum
34
What are the two main articulations between the ribs and the thoracic vertebrae?
Costovertebral joints and costotransverse joints
35
What structures form the costovertebral joint?
The head of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra, the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above, and the intervertebral disc
36
What type of joint is the costovertebral joint?
Synovial plane joint
37
What structures form the costotransverse joint?
The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the corresponding thoracic vertebra
38
What type of joint is the costotransverse joint?
Synovial plane joint
39
Which ribs lack costotransverse joints?
Ribs 11 and 12, as they do not articulate with the transverse processes
40
What ligaments stabilize the costovertebral joint?
Radiate ligament (connects rib head to vertebral bodies and disc)
41
What ligaments stabilize the costotransverse joint?
- Costotransverse ligament (between rib neck and transverse process) - Lateral costotransverse ligament (between rib tubercle and transverse process tip) - Superior costotransverse ligament (rib neck to transverse process of the vertebra above)
42
What are the main parts of a typical rib?
Head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body), costal groove, and costal cartilage
43
What are the differences between typical and atypical ribs?
Typical ribs (3-9): Have a head, neck, tubercle, and a well-defined costal groove Atypical ribs (1, 2, 10, 11, 12): Have unique features, such as a single facet (1, 10-12), shorter length (1, 2), or no tubercle (11, 12)
44
What is the function of the costal groove on a rib?
It provides a passage for the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve
45
What provides stability to the spine?
Intervertebral disc, the surrounding ligaments and muscles
46
What are the two main components of each intervertebral disc?
Inner nucleus pulposus and outer anulus fibrosus
47
What do the end plates of the intervertebral discs connect to?
The vertebrae
48
What happens to the water percentage in the nucleus pulposus with age?
It decreases
49
Where do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?
Spinal nerves exit through the intervertebral foramina, located between adjacent vertebrae
50
What forms the intervertebral foramen
- Superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below - Inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above - Intervertebral disc (anteriorly) - Zygapophyseal (facet) joint (posteriorly)
51
How are spinal nerves numbered in the cervical region?
In the cervical region (C1-C7), spinal nerves exit above their corresponding vertebra. C8 spinal nerve exits below C7 (between C7 and T1).
52
How are spinal nerves numbered in the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions?
In the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions, spinal nerves exit below their corresponding vertebra (e.g., T1 nerve exits below T1 vertebra).
53
Superficial Intrinsic Back Muscles
- Splenius Cervicis - Splenius Capitis
54
Intermediate Intrinsic Layer of Back Muscles
- Iliocostalis - Longissimus - Spinalis
55
Deep Intrinsic layer of back muscles
- Semispinalis - Multifidus - Rotatores
56
Deepest Intrinsic layer of back muscles
- Interspinalis - Intertransversii - Levatores Costarum
57
Splenius Capitis Function:
Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation of cx Bilateral contraction: Cx extension
58
Splenius cervicis Function:
Unilateral contraction: Lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation of cx Bilateral contraction: Cx extension
59
Iliocostalis FUnction
Bilateral: Extension Unilateral: Lateral flexion
60
Longissimus Function
Bilateral: Extension Unilateral: Lateral flexion Capitis only Bilateral: Extension of neck Unilateral: Lateral flexion and ipsilateral rotation
61
Spinalis function:
Bilateral: Extension Unilateral: Lateral flexion
62
Semispinalis Function
Bilateral: Extension Unilateral : Lateral flexion (ipsilateral), rotation of spine (contralateral)
63
Multifidus Function
Spinal stabilizers Bilateral: Extension Unilateral: Lateral flexion Capitis only Bilateral: Extension of neck Unilateral: Ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation
64
Rotatores Function
Spinal stabilizers Bilateral: Extension Unilateral: contralateral rotation
65
Levatores Costarum Function
Elevation of the ribs Rotation of thoracic spine
66
Intertransversarii Function
Assists lateral flexion of the spine; Stabilizes spine
67
Interspinalis Function
Extension of cervical and lumbar spine
68
Suboccipital Muscles
Rectus capitis posterior major Rectus capitis posterior minor Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior
69
Function of suboccipital muscles
Extension & Ipsilateral rotation
70
Suboccipital Triangle
Borders: - Rectus capitis posterior major - Obliquus capitis superior - Obliquus capitis inferior Roof: - Semispinalis capitis Floor: - Posterior arch of atlas - Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane Contents: - Vertebral artery - Suboccipital nerve
71
Upper Trapezius Function
Extension, Lateral flexion (ipsilateral), rotation (ipsilateral)
72
Sternocleidomastoid Function
Ipsilateral lateral flexion Contralateral rotation Upper Cx extension Lower Cx flexion
73
Scalene muscles Function
Anterior: Cx flexion, lateral flexion (ipsilateral), rotation (contralateral) Middle: Cx flexion Posterior: Lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
74
External Oblique Function
Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (contralateral)
75
Internal Oblique
Bilateral contraction - Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration Unilateral contraction - Trunk lateral flexion (ipsilateral), trunk rotation (ipsilateral)
76
Transversus Abdominis
Bilateral contraction - Compresses abdominal viscera, expiration Unilateral contraction - Trunk rotation (ipsilateral)
77
Rectus Abdominis Function
Trunk flexion, compresses abdominal viscera, expiration
78
Pyramidalis Function
Unknown
79
Psoas Function
Flexion of the thigh/trunk, Lateral rotation of the thigh  Lateral flexion of the trunk
80
Iliacus Function
Flexion of the thigh/trunk, Lateral rotation of the thigh  Lateral flexion of the trunk, Stabilizes hip joint
81
Quadratus Lumborum Function
Extension & Ipsilateral lateral flexion
82
Longus capitis Function
Bilateral: Flexes head & neck Unilateral: ipsilateral rotation
83
Longus Colli Function
Bilateral contraction: Neck flexion Unilateral contraction: Neck contralateral rotation, neck lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
84
Rectus Capitis Lateralis Function
Stabilizes the atlanto-occipital joint; head lateral flexion (ipsilateral)
85
Rectus Capitis Anterior Function
Atlantooccipital joint: Head flexion

TSAC 1 (11 decks)

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