Tversky & Kahneman (1986); “Asian disease problem” Flashcards
(15 cards)
What is the main aim of the study?
To investigate how framing affects decision-making, especially in situations involving risk and loss.
What hypothetical scenario were participants presented with?
The U.S. is preparing for the outbreak of an unusual Asian disease expected to kill 600 people.
What are the two conditions participants were assigned to?
Condition 1: Positive Frame (Gains)
Condition 2: Negative Frame (Losses)
What options were presented in Condition 1 (Positive Frame)?
Program A: 200 people will be saved.
Program B: 1/3 probability that all 600 will be saved, 2/3 probability that no one will be saved.
What was the result of participants’ choices in Condition 1?
Most participants chose Program A (the certain gain) — showing risk aversion.
What options were presented in Condition 2 (Negative Frame)?
Program C: 400 people will die.
Program D: 1/3 probability that no one will die, 2/3 probability that all 600 will die.
What was the result of participants’ choices in Condition 2?
Most participants chose Program D (the risky option) — showing risk seeking.
What does the framing effect demonstrate?
People’s decisions are influenced by how information is presented, not just the actual information.
What is one strength of the study?
Highly influential and replicable — foundational to prospect theory.
What is a limitation of the study?
Hypothetical scenario — may not fully reflect real-life emotional stakes.
What research method was used in the study?
Lab experiment using a between-subjects design.
What ethical considerations were noted in the study?
Minimal risk: scenario was fictional, informed consent was given, deception was involved but justified.
Fill in the blank: In Condition 1, most participants showed _______.
risk aversion
Fill in the blank: In Condition 2, most participants showed _______.
risk seeking
