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types and components of computer systems Flashcards

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1
Q

computer

A

A device that follows a set of instructions to carry out a series of logical and arithmetical operations

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2
Q

computer system

A

a computer combined with other equipment so it can carry out desired functions

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3
Q

hardware

A

the physical parts of a computer system , the parts you can touch . This included the motherboard , mouse , keyboard and so on .

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4
Q

software

A

programs or applications that give instructions to the computer to tell it what to do

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5
Q

components

A

The parts that make up a whole machine . The internal parts are usually referred to as components and the external devices as peripherals

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6
Q

central processing unit

A

the unit which performs most of the processing inside a computer

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7
Q

circuit board

A

a thin rigid board containing thin lines of metal on the surface to create electric circuits .

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8
Q

motherboard

A

also called the system board , it is the main printed circuit board of the computer ; it has connectors which other circuit boards can be slotted into

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9
Q

internal memory

A

data storage spaces that are accessible to the cpu

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10
Q

graphics card

A

a printed circuit board that controls the output to a display screen or monitor

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11
Q

sound card

A

a printed circuit board that controls output to speakers and headphones

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12
Q

network interface card

A

a printed circuit board that allows the computer to communicate with other devices over a computer network

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13
Q

application software

A

programs that carry out operations for specific applications , such as word processing or presentation . Applications software cannot run without system software

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14
Q

system software

A

system software provides the services that the computer requires to operate . This may be classified as the operating system and utillities software .

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15
Q

operating system

A

the operating system is a collection of programs to control and manage all of the software and hardware of the computer system

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16
Q

utility software

A

part of the system software that can analyse , configure , optimise and maintain a computer to keep it working as well as possible .

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17
Q

word processing applications

A

are used to produce letters , reports and memos

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18
Q

spreadsheet applications

A

are used for tasks that involve calculations or graphs and charts

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19
Q

database management programs

A

are used to store and retrieve information in data bases

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20
Q

presentation software

A

are used to create slide shows and presentations

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21
Q

what does system software include?

A

compilers , linkers , device drivers, operating system and utillities

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22
Q

compilers

A

convert the program written by a human

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23
Q

linkers

A

Take one or more files produced by the compiler and combine them with a program that the processor can execute .

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24
Q

device drivers

A

part of the operating system; allow the processor to communicate with other devices such as a mouse , monitor , keyboard and printer .

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25
process
to carry out or execute instructions
26
transistor
a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch for electronic signals .
27
digital
information represented by certain fixed values rather than as a continuous range . usually data represented by a 1 and 0
28
analogue
information represented by a quantity that is continuously variable . Changes in this information are indicated by changes in voltage
29
bit
short for binary digit , it is the smallest unit of data in a computer . It has a single binary value either 1 or 0
30
sample
making a physical measurement of a wave at set-time intervals and converting those measurements to digital ones .
31
32
What does a Digital-to-analogue converter do?
Converts digital signals into analogue ones.
33
What is an Actuator?
A device that causes a machine or device to operate.
34
control unit
components of the central processing unit that directs the operations of the processor
35
arithmetic and logic unit
part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations such as addition , subtraction and comparison
36
clock
a quartz crystal that sends pulses to control the rate at which the cpu processes instructions
37
registers
Memory storage locations inside the CPU.
38
Control signals
Electrical signals sent out to all devices to check their status and give them instructions.
39
What is Random-access memory
Volatile memory that stores data/applications while in use; data is lost when power is off.
40
What is Read-only memory (ROM)?
Non-volatile memory that retains preinstalled data even when power is off.
41
What is a Storage location in memory?
A place in internal memory for storing a single piece of data until needed.
42
What is meant by Volatile memory?
Data is lost when power is turned off.
43
What is Non-volatile memory?
Data is kept even when power is turned off.
44
What is an Input device?
Hardware that sends data to a computer.
45
What is an Output device?
Hardware that sends data from a computer to another device or user.
46
What is a Backing storage device?
Secondary storage that keeps data after power is off. Includes hard drives, SSDs, USBs, CDs, etc.
47
When was Windows introduced and what is its usage percentage?
Introduced in 1985; used by ~90% of computers.
48
What is macOS and when was it introduced?
Apple OS introduced in 1984 with full GUI; used by ~10% of computers.
49
What is Unix?
First widely used OS (1960s); open source; used in commercial environments.
50
What does CLI stand for?
Command Line Interface.
51
What is a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?
An intuitive interface where users interact through icons, menus, and windows.
52
What is a Dialogue-based interface?
Interface that lets users interact with the computer using spoken words.
53
What is a Gesture-based interface?
Interface that lets users interact with a device using body movements from a distance.
54
What are the advantages of CLI?
Fast, low processing power needed, efficient for advanced users.
55
What are the disadvantages of CLI?
Requires memorizing commands, not user-friendly for beginners.
56
What are the advantages of GUI?
Easy to use, intuitive icons, no need to learn commands.
57
What are the disadvantages of GUI?
Uses more memory, takes more storage, and puts more load on CPU.
58
What are the advantages of Dialogue-based UI?
Hands-free, easy for untrained users, helpful for disabled or while driving.
59
What are the disadvantages of Dialogue-based UI?
Not always reliable, requires training and voice recognition, complex and costly.
60
What are the advantages of Gesture-based UI?
No need for touching devices or using keyboard/mouse, hygienic, hands-free.
61
What are the disadvantages of Gesture-based UI?
Users must learn gestures, may require special equipment, can cause fatigue.
62
What is a Desktop computer?
A fixed-location computer system designed for use at a desk.
63
What is a Laptop?
A portable computer with similar functionality to a desktop.
64
What is a Tablet?
A thin, portable computer with a touchscreen and mobile OS.
65
What is a Smartphone?
A mobile phone that can also take photos, browse the web, and run apps.
66
What is a Phablet?
A smartphone with a screen size between a phone and tablet.
67
List the pros of a Desktop computer
* Powerful * Large screen * Ergonomic * Upgradeable * Hard to steal * Cost-effective
68
List the cons of a Desktop computer
* Not portable * Bulky * Takes up space
69
List the pros of a Laptop
* Portable * Full keyboard * Built-in camera/mic/speakers * Moderate expandability
70
List the cons of a Laptop
* Slower startup * Battery limitations
71
List the pros of a Tablet
* Lightweight * Instant-on * App variety * Touchscreen * Can attach keyboard
72
List the cons of a Tablet
* Expensive * Limited expandability * Battery constraints
73
List the pros of a Smartphone
* Pocket-sized * Internet access via 4G/5G * Calls/texts * Many apps
74
List the cons of a Smartphone
* Small screen * Short battery life * Slow typing * Data compatibility issues
75
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
The ability of computers or robots to perform tasks associated with human intelligence.
76
What is Machine Learning?
A subset of AI that allows systems to learn and improve from experience.
77
Give examples of AI applications
* Diagnosing patients * Analyzing medical test results
78
What is Extended Reality?
A virtual or combined virtual and real environment.
79
What is Virtual Reality (VR)?
A fully computer-generated 3D environment.
80
What is Augmented Reality (AR)?
A real environment enhanced with virtual elements.
81
Provide examples of VR usage
* Museum walkthroughs * Virtual home tours * Car design testing * Astronaut/pilot training
82
What is an advantage of AR?
Helps reduce product returns (e.g., IKEA Place app).

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