Types Of Aphasia

Question 0

Define paraphasia and list the three primary types of paraphasias

Answer 0

Paraphasia = errors of speech characterised by substitution of wrong sounds or words for target sounds or words
Verbal paraphasia, phonemic paraphasia, neologistic paraphasia

Question 1

Compare and contrast fluent and non-fluent aphasia, in terms of: a. Speech rate, b. Phrase length, c. Speech effort, d. Prosody

Answer 1

A. Non-fluent -> reduced speech rate; fluent -> may be normal or even increased
B. Non-fluent -> limited phrase length; fluent -> normal
C. Non-fluent -> excessive speaking effort; fluent -> flowing speech produced with minimal or no effort
D. Non-fluent -> abnormal prosody; fluent -> generally more typical melodic properties/contour

Question 2

Define a phonemic paraphasia (also called a literal paraphasia) . Your definition should include two distinct points

Answer 2

Sound errors involving substitutions, additions, omissions, and/or rearrangement of target word phonemes
50% or greater overlap phonologically with the real word

Question 3

A person with aphasia is attempting to name an item on the Western aphasia battery - revised object naming subtest. Provide an example of a ‘phonemic/literal paraphasia’ for the object ‘book’

Answer 3

Look/bork

Question 4

Define a verbal semantic paraphasia

Answer 4

A word choice error that is semantically related to the target word

Question 5

A person with aphasia is attempting to name an item on the Western Aphasia Battery - Revised Object Naming subtest. Provide an example of ‘verbal semantic paraphasia’ for the object ‘fork’

Answer 5

Knife

Question 6

Define an unrelated/wild paraphasia

Answer 6

Verbal paraphasia that is not semantically related to the target word

Question 7

A person with aphasia is attempting to name an item on the Western Aphasia Battery - Revised Object Naming subtest. Provide an example of an unrelated/wild paraphasia’ for the object hammer

Answer 7

Cat

Question 8

Define a neologistic paraphasia.

Answer 8

An invented word, that seems to serve a linguistic function, the meaning of which is not apparent in the utterance

Question 9

A person with aphasia is attempting to name an item on the Western Aphasia Battery - Revised Object Naming subtest. Provide an example of a ‘neologistic paraphasia’ for the object ‘ball’

Answer 9

Wordle

Question 10

When attempting to say the word tooth, a person with aphasia said ‘booth’. Identify the type of paraphasic error

Answer 10

Phonemic paraphasia

Question 11

Define circumlocution

Answer 11

PWA talks around or about the intended word (due to difficulty retrieving the specific word)

Question 12

Provide an example of circumlocution that a person might use to describe the object ‘hammer’ on the WAB-Revised object naming subtest

Answer 12

You use it to hit things with. Go bang bang on the wall.

Question 13

Define agrammatism

Answer 13

The production of short utterances that consist primarily of content words such as nouns and verbs, contain relatively few function words, such as articles and conjunctions, have either simplified or incomplete grammatical structure and represent a restricted range of sentence types or forms

Question 14

Provide an example of an agrammatism response (of at least 10 words) that a person with aphasia might use to describe the BDAE cookie theft picture

Answer 14

Uh…mother and dad…no…mother…and an disses…uh…runnin over…and waduh…and floor

Question 15

Define paragrammatism

Answer 15

Errors made using grammatical elements

Uses lots of grammatical elements and function words but used incorrectly. Fluent

Question 16

Provide a example of a paragrammatic response (of at least 10 words) that a person might use to describe the BDAE cookie theft picture

Answer 16

That boy at the kitchen. A lady dried dishing. Some water against a floor.

Question 17

Contrast ‘Agrammatic’ and ‘paragrammatic’ language

Answer 17

Agrammatic language is non-fluent, mainly content words, without too many function words; paragrammatic language is fluent, with lots of grammatical elements but wrongly used

Question 18

Compare and contrast ‘jargonistic’ and ‘empty’ speech

Answer 18

Jargon and empty speech are both fluent well-articulated, but jargon is made up of neologisms, whereas Empty speech is made up of general words - but they are real words.

Question 19

Define anomia

Answer 19

Word finding difficulties - they cannot name the object, but they can demonstrate now to use it using gestures

Question 20

Define ‘press of speech’

Answer 20

PWA continues talking when it’s their turn to listen. Fluent speech - tends to be rapid/interrupts others. PWA striving for a sense that she/he has communicated what they intended to say

Question 21

What type of aphasia (using the Bostonian Classification System) is ‘press of speech’ most often associated with

Answer 21

Wernicke’s aphasia

Question 22

Define perseveration as a characteristic of aphasia

Answer 22

Inappropriate repetition of a previous response that continues after the task requirements have changed and the response is no longer needed

Question 23

Provide an example of ‘recurrent perseveration’ that clearly demonstrates understanding of this type of perseveration

Answer 23

When a PWA correctly identifies an object in a picture but then starts using that name for every other picture of different items

Question 24

List two terms that may be used in classification schemes other than the Boston/Iowa aphasia classification to describe non-fluent aphasia

Answer 24

Expressive | Efferent motor

Question 25

List two terms that may be used in classification schemes other than the Boston/Iowa aphasia classification to describe fluent aphasia

Answer 25

Receptive | Sensory

Question 26

Name the four types of non-fluent aphasia (acc. to the Boston/Iowa classification)

Answer 26

Broca's aphasia Transcortical motor Global Mixed transcortical

Question 27

Name the four types of fluent aphasia (acc. to the Boston/Iowa classification)

Answer 27

Wernicke's Transcortical sensory Anomic Conduction

Question 28

Describe conduction aphasia by identifying: A. If it is a non-fluent or fluent aphasia B. The association tract in the brain that may be affected in individuals with this type of aphasia C. The language characteristic that is typically more affected in conduction aphasia compared to anomic aphasia

Answer 28

A. Fluent B. Arcuate Fasciculus C. repetition

Question 29

Identify the cerebral lobe in which the following areas are located A. Wernicke's area B. Broca's area

Answer 29

A. Left superior temporal gyrus | B. Left inferior frontal gyrus

Question 30

``` Describe the typical language characteristics of a person with Wernicke's aphasia in terms of A. Fluency B. Auditory comprehension C.Verbal expression D. Spoken repetition skills ```

Answer 30

A. Fluent B. Poor C. Empty speech, abnormal content, press of speech, paragrammatisms, paraphasias, circumlocutions D. Impaired

Question 31

Describe the typical language characteristics of a person with Broca's aphasia in terms of: A. Auditory comprehension B. Verbal expression C. Spoken repetition skills

Answer 31

A. Good, may have difficulty with grammatically complex sentences B. Non-fluent, effortful, agrammatic, basic meaning, containing only more essential elements. Aware of difficulties C. Impaired

Question 32

Compare and contrast the typical language characteristics of a person with conduction aphasia and Broca's aphasia in terms of: A. Fluency B. Auditory comprehension C. Spoken repetition skills

Answer 32

A. Conduction - fluent; Broca's - non-fluent B. Conduction - relatively good; Broca's - good C. Conduction - disproportionately impaired; Broca's - bad

Question 33

Which language characteristic is typically preserved (ie. a distinguishing feature) in both transcortical sensory aphasia and transcortical motor?

Answer 33

Repetition

Question 34

List four points to describe the verbal expressive language typically observed in a person with transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 34

A. Markedly reduced VE B. Good repetition C. May have apathy D. May be echolalic and perseverate

Question 35

Compare and contrast the typical language characteristics of a person with transcortical sensory aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia in terms of: A. Fluency B. Auditory comprehension C. Spoken repetition skills

Answer 35

A. Transcortical motor - non-fluent; transcortical sensory - fluent B. Transcortical motor - good; transcortical sensory - poor C. Transcortical motor and transcortical sensory - good!

Question 36

Identify if Wernicke's aphasia or Broca's aphasia is more likely to be associated with weakness on the right side of the body and provide a rationale for your response

Answer 36

Broca's aphasia is more likely to be associated right side paralysis because it is caused by damage to the left motor cortex, affecting muscles on the right side of the body

Question 37

``` Describe the typical language characteristics of a person with anomic aphasia in terms of: A. Fluency B. Auditory comprehension C. Verbal expression D. Spoken repetition ```

Answer 37

``` A. Fluent B. Good, but may be slightly impaired C. Word-retrieval difficulty - unusual pauses - circumlocutions - substitution of nonspecific words D. Good ```

Question 38

Identify the type of Aphasia according to the Boston/Iowa classification which is typically considered to be the most severe type of aphasia and state in terms of cerebral lesion why this type of aphasia typically results in severe language difficulties

Answer 38

A. Global | B. Extensive lesion - left fronto-temporo-parietal regions, often involving both Broca's and Wernicke's areas

Question 39

Describe two ways in which the language characteristics of a person with transcortical sensory aphasia would typically differ from the language characteristics of a person with Broca's aphasia

Answer 39

A. Good repetition skills | B. Fluent

Question 40

Compare and contrast Wernicke's aphasia and Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 40

Both are fluent, with bad auditory comprehension. Wernicke's has bad repetition, transcortical sensory has good repetition

Question 41

Compare and contrast conduction aphasia and Anomic aphasia

Answer 41

Both are fluent, and have good auditory comprehension, however Anomic has good repetition and conduction aphasia has markedly impaired repetition skills

Question 42

Compare and contrast Broca's aphasia and transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 42

Both are non-fluent with good auditory comprehension. However, Broca's has poor repetition skills and Transcortical motor has good repetition skills

Question 43

Compare and contrast Global aphasia and Mixed transcortical aphasia

Answer 43

Both are non-fluent, and have poor auditory comprehension. However, global aphasia has poor repetition and mixed transcortical has good repetition