Types of Bias Flashcards
Anchoring Bias
Putting too much weight on one insignificant piece of information. This often happens when seeing the first piece of information of a topic.
Attribution Bias
”- The tendency to attribute another’s actions to their character or personality, while attributing their own behavior to external factors outside of their control.
- You cut yourself a break while holding others 100% accountable to their actions. “
Authority Bias
Authority bias is the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure (unrelated to its content) and be more influenced by that opinion. In short, it is our tendency to follow the leader.
Barnum Effect
”- Individuals believe that personality descriptions apply specifically to them (more so than to other people), despite the fact that the description is actually filled with information that applies to everyone.
- Can be used to describe people who think they are more important than they actually are. “
Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive dissonance is the psychological discomfort that we feel when our minds entertain two contradictory concepts at the same time.
Confirmation Bias
Looking and identifying information that corroborates information you already believe.
Conflict of Interest
A conflict of interest arises when what is in a person’s best interest is not in the best interest of another person or organization to which that individual owes loyalty.
Conformity Bias
“The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their own personal judgment.
People seem to be more comfortable mimicking others, even regarding ethical matters.”
Contrast Bias
“The conformity bias is the tendency people have to behave like those around them rather than using their own personal judgment. People seem to be more comfortable mimicking others, even regarding ethical matters.”
Cultural Noise
”- Found commonly in management;
- Is when compassion is made of one object, or person, to another, based on criteria that are not consistent or an unequal comparison. “
Curse of Knowledge Bias
“-The curse of knowledge is a cognitive bias that occurs when an individual, communicating with other individuals, unknowingly assumes that the others have the background to understand.
- This means that you can’t “unknow” or “unlearn” what you know. Once you become an expert on certain subjects, it becomes much harder to explain the basics to someone without that same knowledge.”
Dunning-Kruger Effect
Overestimating the competence of incompetent people and underestimating the competence of competent people.
Exposure Effect
Accepting something as truth because it is familiar.
Framing
”- Presenting something in a way that makes it more desirable.
- A frame of reference, or point of view, refers to the way we look at a given situation. How a person views that situation can affect her understanding of the facts and influence how she determines right from wrong.”
Gut-Feeling Bias
Occurs when the interviewer relies on an intuitive feeling that the candidate is a good, or bad, fit for the position without looking as whether or not the individual’s qualifications meet the criteria established
Halo Bias
is the tendency for positive impressions of a person, company, brand, or product in one area to positively influence one’s opinion or feelings in other areas. Halo effect is “the name given to the phenomenon whereby evaluators tend to be influenced by their previous judgments of performance or personality.” The halo effect which is a cognitive bias can possibly prevent someone from accepting a person, a product, or a brand based on the idea of an unfounded belief on what is good or bad.
Horn Bias
The horn effect, closely related to the halo effect, is a form of cognitive bias that causes one’s perception of another to be unduly influenced by a single negative trait. An example of the horn effect may be that an observer is more likely to assume a physically unattractive person is morally inferior to an attractive person, despite the lack of relationship between morality and physical appearance.
Leniency Bias
a type of rating mistake in which the ratings are consistently overly positive, particularly regarding the performance or ability of the participants. It is caused by the rater’s tendency to be too positive or tolerant of shortcomings and to give undeservedly high evaluations.
Moral Myopia
“Moral myopia refers to the inability to see ethical issues clearly.
The term, coined by Minette Drumwright and Patrick Murphy, describes what happens when we do not recognize the moral implications of a problem or we have a distorted moral vision. An extreme version of moral myopia is called moral blindness.”
Negative Emphasis Bias
Occurs when a small negative element outweighs the positive.
Not Invented Here (NIH) Bias
Refusing to accept information because of unfamiliarity.
Over Confidence Bias
The overconfidence bias is the tendency people have to be more confident in their own abilities, such as driving, teaching, or spelling than is objectively reasonable. This overconfidence also involves matters of character.
Reactance Effect
Deliberately doing the opposite of what you are asked to do to maintain your freedom of choice.
Semmelweis Effect
The Semmelweis Reflex is a metaphor for the reflex-like tendency to reject new evidence or new knowledge because it contradicts established norms, beliefs, or paradigms.
