types of evidence Flashcards
(27 cards)
different types of _____ are often associated with specific types of assumptions/flaws, so if a question presents classic evidence structure = able to find answer easier
evidence
example provides evidence that supports conclusion
examples as evidence
ex: Paola is the best athlete in the state.] After all, Paola has won medals in 8 different Olympic sports.
Paola beat last year’s decathlon state champion on Saturday, so [she is the best athlete in the state].
examples as evidence
drawing on what others say as evidence is common way for someone to attempt to prove point
what others say as evidence
what should you ask yourself to figure out if evidence is counted as what others say as evidence
“is it enough” - think about whether object of appeal is relevant/useful
ex: Paola is the best athlete in the state.] We know this because the most highly-acclaimed sports magazine has named her as such.
Because the population voted Paola the Best Athlete in the state in a landslide, [it would be absurd to claim that anyone else is the best athlete in the state].
what others say as evidence
when an arguer uses the past to justify conclusion, often with assumption that things haven’t changed since the past
using the past as evidence
what should you ask yourself to figure out if evidence is counted as using the past as evidence
“is it possible things have changed and the past evidence is no longer credible”
ex: [Paola is the best athlete in the state.] She must be, since she won the state championships last year, two years ago, three years ago, and four years ago.
using the past as evidence
an arguer will use analogy as evidence by describing a similar but unrelated situation as support
analogies as evidence
what should you ask yourself to figure out if evidence is counted as analogies as evidence
“are they really the same” - always check to ensure that the two situations being compared are actually logically comparable
ex: [Paola is the best athlete in the state], because she won the most athletic awards. Look at Jude, who’s currently the Best Chef in the State because he won the most cooking awards.
analogies as evidence
an arguer will use a sample to make a generalization
generalizing from a sample [as evidence]
what should you ask yourself to figure out if evidence is counted as generalizing from a sample as evidence
“is the group of things/people discussed in evidence prepresentative of the group of things/people discussed in the conclusion
ex: [Paola is the best athlete in the state], because she won every local tournament in every spring sport.
generalizing from a sample as evidence
used to refute/counter someone else’s opinion
counterexamples
what does an arguer produce in a counterexample
an arguer produces a specific example that hurts the other arguer’s or arguers’ reasoning
ex:
Robert: Everyone’s favorite food is pizza.
Brianna: That’s not true. My favorite food is paella.
counterexample
the speaker may rebut another speaker by pointing out the different cause, effect, reason, etc than the one being cited
alternate possibilities
ex: the first speaker believes that X will lead to Y
the second speaker questions why X couldn’t lead to Z instead.
alternate possibilities
arguments that draw a conclusion based on conditional relationships
conditional argument
what type of relationships are conditional relationships
true/false relationships between different ideas: if one is true, then another has to be true as well
they’re absolute: they hold always and in all cases
arguments that reach conclusion that A causes B
causation based on correlation
what support is involved in causation based on correlation
support often involves statements about correlations: observations of 2 things happening at the same time
