Types Of Learning

Question 1

Habit

Answer 1

An action that is performed repeatedly until it becomes automatic

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

A decrease in response to stimulus after repeated presentations

Question 3

Dishabituation

Answer 3

Occurs when a previously habituated stimulus is removed. The person is no longer accustomed to the stimulus. If presented again, person will react as if it was a new stimulus or respond more strongly than before

Question 4

Sensitization

Answer 4

Opposite of habituation. An increase in responsiveness due to a repeated application of a stimulus or a particularly aversive or noxious stimulus. The stimulus produced a more exaggerated response

Question 5

Associative learning

Answer 5

A process of learning in which one event, object or action is directly connected with another. Examples are classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Question 6

Classical conditioning

Answer 6

Ivan Pavlov. Dogs salivate at the sound of s ringing bell. Stimulus food AND bell, response eventually was salivating at the sound of a bell. When two stimuli are paired in such a way that the response to one of the stimuli changes

Question 7

Neutral stimulus

Answer 7

A stimulus that doesn’t initially elicit any intrinsic response. (Sound of the bell prior to the experiment)

Question 8

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Stimulus that elicits and unconditional response. (Presentation of the food(US) and salvation of the dog(UR))

Question 9

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

Originally a neutral stimulus(bell) that is paired with a unconditioned stimulus(food) until it can produce the conditioned response(salivation) without the unconditioned stimulus (food)

Question 10

Conditioned response

Answer 10

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus. Same as the unconditioned response but occurs without the unconditioned stimulus. Ex: salivation at the sound of the bell

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

The process of learning the conditioned response. Time when bell and food are paired

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

When conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are no longer paired, so the conditioned response stops occurring. If sound is presented to the dogs over and over without ever being paired with food, dogs will eventually stop salivating

Question 13

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

When an extinct conditioned response occurs again when the the conditioned stimulus is presented after some period of time

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

When stimuli other than original conditioned stimulus elicit the conditioned response. So a chime or doorbell instead of the original bell

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Opposite of generalization. Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is differentiated from other stimuli

Question 16

Taste aversion

Answer 16

Eating a food and becoming ill causes a strong aversion to that food. Short acquisition phase, long extinction phase

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

BF Skinner. Uses reinforcement(pleasurable consequences) and punishment (unpleasant consequences) to mold behavior and cause associative learning

Question 18

Reinforcement

Answer 18

Anything that will increase the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated; the behavior is supported by a reinforcement

Better than punishment because it tells what to do instead of what not to do

Question 19

Positive reinforcement

Answer 19

A positive stimulus that occurs immediately following a behavior. Food pellet dropped when the rat pushed the lever. Rat repeated desired behavior

ADDS

Question 20

Negative reinforcement

Answer 20

A negative stimulus that is REMOVED immediately following a behavior. Negative shock being removed was the negative reinforcement. Caused rat to push lever to remove undesirable stimulus

SUBTRACTS

Question 21

Part of the brain associated with positive conditioning

Answer 21

Hippocampus

Question 22

Part of the brain associated with negative conditioning

Answer 22

Amygdala

Question 23

Primary (unconditioned) reinforcer

Answer 23

Satisfying or desirable. Integral to survival. Don’t need to learn to see as reinforcers, already do

Question 24

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer

Answer 24

Those learned to be reinforcers. Musts be paired with a primary reinforcer

Question 25

Fixed ratio schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)

Answer 25

Provides reinforcement after a set number of instances of the behavior. Rat pushed level rapidly to get food if it only comes out every 29 times

Question 26

Variable-ratio schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)

Answer 26

Provides reinforcement after an unpredictable number of occurrences**. Example is gambling

Question 27

Fixed interval schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)

Answer 27

Provides reinforcement after a set period of time that is constant. Behavior increases as the interval comes to an end. Knowing boss only walks by at the top of every hour so worker becomes more effective at that time

Question 28

Variable interval schedule (intermittent reinforcement schedule)

Answer 28

Provides reinforcement after an inconsistent amount of time**. Produces slow steady behavior response rate. So employee works at a steady effluent manner

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

Is a way learn more complex behaviors by breaking them down and reinforcing the pieces of a puzzle until the whole behavior is strung together

Question 30

Punishment

Answer 30

The process by which a behavior is followed by a consequence that DECREASES the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated

Question 31

Positive punishment

Answer 31

The application, or pairing, of a negative stimulus with a behavior. Example: cadet speaking out of turn in bootcamp= 20 push-ups ADDS

Question 32

Negative punishment

Answer 32

Removal of a reinforcing stimulus after the behavior has occurred. Example child getting grounded and losing TV privilege SUBTRACTS

Question 33

Escape-type of operant learning

Answer 33

An individual learns to get away from an adverse stimulus by engaging in a particular behavior. Ex: child throws temper tantrum so she doesn't have to eat vegetables. Parents by not making them eat the food, child knows they can do it again.

Question 34

Avoidance -type of operant learning

Answer 34

When a person performs a behavior to ensure an aversive stimulus is not presented. Child sees mom is making veggies, fakes an illness so mom sends them to bed and they don't have to eat the veggies

Question 35

Nonassociative learning

Answer 35

When an organism is repeatedly exposed to one type of stimulus. Learning that occurs in the absence of associating specific stimuli or events. Two important types are habituation and sensitization.

Question 36

Behaviorism

Answer 36

All psychological phenomena I explained by describing the observable antecedents of behaviors and its consequences. Behaviorism is not concerned with the unobservable events occurring in the mind. Skinner, brain is a black box

Question 37

Cognitive psychology

Answer 37

A reaction to behaviorism. Researchers began to focus on the brain cognitions and their effect on how people navigate the world.

Question 38

Insight learning

Answer 38

The term used to describe when previously learned behaviors are suddenly combined in unique ways. For a child to behaviors of sliding on the belly and using a grabbing tool for previously reinforced because he got the toy you wanted each time. A new situation was presented in the toy was out of reach under the bed and he was able to combine previous reinforce behavior in the novel way on his own to attain the desired outcome.

Question 39

Latent learning

Answer 39

Something is learn but not expressed as an observable behavior until it is required. For example if a child in school always receives a ride to school from his dad he may lately learn the route to school even though he never demonstrates the knowledge. One day when his dad is on a business trip the child is able to navigate to school along the same route by bike

Question 40

Consolidation

Answer 40

When short term memory is converted into long-term memory

Question 41

Long-term potentiation

Answer 41

Occurs when, following brief periods of stimulation, an increase in the synaptic strength between two neurons leads to stronger electrochemical responses to a given stimuli

Question 42

Long-term memory storage

Answer 42

New synaptic connections between neurons, permanent changes in pre-and post synaptic membrane, and a permanent increase or decrease in neurotransmitter synthesis.

Question 43

Innate

Answer 43

Things we know how to do instinctively not because someone taught us to do them.

Question 44

Observational learning/social learning/vicarious learning

Answer 44

Learning through watching and imitating others

Question 45

Modeling

Answer 45

An observer sees the behavior being performed by another person. later with the model in mind, the observer imitates the behavior he observed

Question 46

Albert Bandura

Answer 46

A pioneer in the field of observational learning. Conducted a series of experiments using a Bobo doll. Show children videos of adults behaving aggressively towards the dog or ignoring them altogether. The children tended to imitate the behavior they saw

Question 47

Mirror neurons

Answer 47

There are several hypotheses about them.some believe that they are activated by connecting the site in action of movement. Some believe that they help us understand the actions of others and help us to learn through invitation. Some also believe that they are responsible for vicarious emotions such as Empathy in that a problem in the mirror neuron system my underlie disorders such as autism