Types of Reactions

Question 1

Substitution

Answer 1

• Replace one atom with another
• Hydrogen or functional group is replaced

Alkane: H
Alcohol: OH
Alkyl Halide: Halogen
Benzene: H

Question 2

Addition

Answer 2

• Requires the presence of alkene or alkyne
• Two atoms add across the double bond
• Increases saturation

Question 3

Elimination

Answer 3

• Creates carbon double bond (two atoms are removed to form double bond)
• Must be removed from separate carbons
• Alcohols & Alkyl Halides

Question 4

Oxidation

Answer 4

• Addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen
• Compound reacts with oxidizing agent (KMnO4 & K2CrO7)]
• Symbol used is [O]

Question 5

Reduction

Answer 5

• Addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen
• Compound reacts w/ reducing agent (LiAlH4)
• Symbol is [H]

Families: Aldehydes, Ketones, Acids, Alkynes, Alkenes

Question 6

Alkane + X2

Answer 6

Halogen alkane + HX

Question 7

Catalyst for Alkane reactions

Answer 7

Heat or UV light

Question 8

Order for balancing

Answer 8

1. metals
2. non-metals
3. carbon
4. hydrogen
5. oxygen

Question 9

Alkene and Alkyne Reactions are

Answer 9

Addition Reactions:
Hydrogenation, Halogenation, Hydrohalogenation, Hydration

Question 10

Hydrogenation formula

Answer 10

Alkene + H2 -(heat)> Alkane

Question 11

Halogenation formula

Answer 11

Alkene + Halogen -(RT)> halogen alkane

Question 12

Hydrohalogenation formula

Answer 12

Alkene + hydrogen halide -(RT)> halogen alkane

Question 13

Hydration formula

Answer 13

Alkene + water -(H+)> alcohol

Question 14

Benzene reactions are

Answer 14

Substitution Reactions:
Halogenation, Nitration, Alkylation

Question 15

Benzene halogenation formula

Answer 15

Benzene + halogen -(AlCl3/FeCl3)> Aryl halide (halogen benzene)
all halogens are meta directors

Question 16

Nitration formula

Answer 16

Benzene + HNO3 -(H2SO4)> nitrobenzene

Question 17

Alkylation formula

Answer 17

Benzene + alkyl halide -> alkyl benzene + HX

Question 18

Alkyl Halide reactions are

Answer 18

Substitution Reactions:
with water, with ammonia

Elimination Reaction

Question 19

Alkyl halide substitution with water

Answer 19

Halogen alkane + OH- -(water)> alcohol

(R-X + H2O -> R-OH + HX)

Question 20

Substitution with ammonia

Answer 20

Halogen alkane + ammonia -(ethanol)> amine + HX

Question 21

Alkyl Halide Elimination

Answer 21

Halogen alkane + OH- -(base)> alkene

• H-X are both eliminated

Question 22

Ether reactions are

Answer 22

Addition Reactions:
w/ hydrogen halides, w/ water

Question 23

Ethers addition with hydrogen halides

Answer 23

Ethers + HX -(Br,I)> halogen alkane + alcohol

Question 24

Condensation

Answer 24

• Two molecules combine to form a single molecule
• Water is normally produced (dehydration reaction)

Question 25

Ethers addition with water

Answer 25

Ethers + H2O -(H+)> alcohol + alcohol (hydrolysis)

Question 26

Alcohol reactions are

Answer 26

Substitution reactions Elimination reactions Condensation reactions Oxidation reactions

Question 27

Alcohol substitution reaction

Answer 27

Alcohols + halogen acid -(Br,Cl)> halogen alkane

Question 28

Alcohol elimination reaction

Answer 28

Alcohols in the presence of a catalyst (H2SO4)-> alkene

Question 29

Alcohol Condensation reaction w/ alcohol

Answer 29

Alcohol + alcohol -(H+)> ether + water

Question 30

Alcohol condensation reaction w/ acid

Answer 30

Alcohol + acid -(H+)> ester + H2O

Question 31

Alcohol oxidation

Answer 31

1º Alcohols are oxidized to aldehydes 2º Alcohols are oxidized to ketones 3º Alcohols are not oxidized Agents - KMnO4: Potassium permanganate & K2Cr2O7 Potassium dichromate

Question 32

Aldehyde reactions are

Answer 32

Oxidation reactions Reduction reactions

Question 33

Aldehyde oxidation

Answer 33

Aldehydes are oxidized to acids

Question 34

Aldehyde reduction

Answer 34

Aldehydes are reduced to 1º alcohols

Question 35

Ketone reactions are

Answer 35

Oxidation reactions - no reactions Reduction reactions

Question 36

Ketone reduction

Answer 36

Ketones are reduced to 2º alcohols Catalysts: H2 & Pt

Question 37

Acid reactions are

Answer 37

Condensation reactions Acid + alcohol, acid + amine Reduction reactions

Question 38

Acid condensation reactions w/ alcohols

Answer 38

Acid + alcohol -(H+)> ester + H2O

Question 39

Acid condensation reactions w/ amines

Answer 39

Acid + amine -(H+)> amide + water

Question 40

Acid reduction

Answer 40

Acid -[H]> reduced to aldehydes can be further reduced to 1ª alcohol

Question 41

Ester reactions

Answer 41

Hydrolysis

Question 42

Ester Hydrolysis

Answer 42

Ester + H2O -(H+)> acid + alcohol

Question 43

Amine reactions

Answer 43

Condensation reactions Substitution reactions

Question 44

Amines condensation

Answer 44

Amines + acid -(H+)> amide + water

Question 45

Amines substitution

Answer 45

1º amine + alkyl halide -> 2º amine 2º amine + alkyl halide -> 3º amine

Question 46

Amides reactions

Answer 46

Hydrolysis

Question 47

Amide Hydrolysis

Answer 47

Amide + water -(H+)> amine + acid