types of solutions: IMFs and solubility

Question 1

what is a solution? what is a colloid? how do they differ?

Answer 1

solution = a homogenous mixture of 2+ substances. Exists as a SINGLE PHASE and is UNIFORM in composition. Particles are quite SMALL (ex. ions, atoms, small molecules)

a colloid= a HETEROGENOUS mixture. exists as 2+ PHASES which can be visually DISTINCT. particles are LARGE (ex. macromolecules, aggregations of small molecules)

Question 2

solution consists of which 2 components? which is in lesser and which is in greater amount?

Answer 2

solute and solvent
solute= in lesser amount, what’s being dissolved by the solvent
solvent= in greater amount, what dissolves the solute

Question 3

what is solubility (S)?

Answer 3

the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved with a fixed amount of solvent at a given temperature

Question 4

miscible vs immiscible: define each and provide examples

Answer 4

miscible= 2 liquids can completely dissolve in each other (ex. OJ and club soda)
immiscible = 2 liquids cannot dissolve in each other (ex. water and oil)

Question 5

what is the “like dissolves like” rule? why is it important/how is it useful?

Answer 5

substances with similar types of IMFs dissolve in each other!

we can predict the solubility of a solute in different solvents using this rule!

Question 6

what are the 6 types of IMFs in solutions (from strongest to weakest)?

Answer 6

ion dipole
H-bonds
dipole-dipole
ion-induced dipole
dipole-induced dipole
london dispersion forces aka van der waal forces

Question 7

what do we mean by dipole? to which molecules would this apply to?

Answer 7

a molecule has partial positive and partial negative ends. applies only to POLAR MOLECULES

Question 8

What is an ion dipole IMF?

Answer 8

a charged ion + a polar molecule. very strong attraction.
Ex. Na+ and H2O

Question 9

what are H-bonds?

Answer 9

Hydrogen covalently binds to very electronegative elements (ex. N, O, F).
ex. water molecules

Question 10

what are dipole-dipole IMFs?

Answer 10

attraction between 2 polar molecules
(polar + polar)
ex. 2 HCl molecules where negative Cl end of 1 molecule attaches to positive H end of the other molecule

Question 11

ion induced dipole IMFs are?

Answer 11

charged ion + nonpolar molecule! (ion “induces” a dipole moment in a nonpolar molecule)

Question 12

dipole induced dipole IMFs are?

Answer 12

dipole/polar + nonpolar molecule! (polar molecule induces polarity in a nonpolar molecule)

Question 13

what do we mean by “induced dipole”?

Answer 13

dipole moment did not exist previously, it was induced by a molecule!

Question 14

what are london dispersion forces?

Answer 14

nonpolar + nonpolar molecule. very weak and temporary attractive forces. the weakest type of IMF