Typical Development: Newborn - 15 Months Flashcards
(25 cards)
How can typical development be analysed?
- Across the domains of development within a particular time frame
- By analysing development of a particular skill over time
What is required in order for typical development to occur?
- Multiple systems develop typically at their own rate alongside each other
- Spontaneous exploration of movement possibilities
- Flexible selection of most appropriate movement synergies
- Cognition for accomplishing goal directed actions
What have reflex-hierarchical theories been increasingly replaced by?
Theories acknowledging the complex interactions between developing systems, the environment & the importance of task oriented practice
Adaptive systems theory??
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What is development influenced by?
Cultural practices, parenting styles & environment
Why are gross motor delays emerging?
- Children aren’t spending enough time prone
- SIDS campaign encourages sleeping on back, playing on tummy
What are the risk factors for SIDS?
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy
- Smoke environment
- Baby younger than 11-14 weeks
- Sleeping on stomach or side (start in supine, but don’t need to adjust if they roll onto tummy)
- Overheating & co-sleeping
When is swaddling safe & when should it be discontinued?
- Safe if child is placed fully on their back
- Should be discontinued when the child can roll onto their tummy
What is the APGAR used for?
- Newborn index of wellbeing
- Designed to compare obstetric practice, maternal pain relief & resuscitation techniques
- Taken at 1, 5 & 10 mins
What does APGAR stand for?
- Appearance (colour)
- Pulse (HR)
- Grimace (Reflex irritability)
- Activity (muscle tone)
- Respiration (RR)
What does the APGAR scoring represent?
- Each item scored from 0-2 (2 = normal)
- 8-10/10 = normal
- 3-7 resuscitation (suction, O2)
- 0-2 immediate resuscitation
- HR & RR most important, resuscitation is commenced immediately if required, not after the 1 min score
Which is the least predictive element of APGAR?
Colour
What do APGAR scores predict?
- At 1 min, not indicative of long term outcomes
- At 5 mins, measure of success of resuscitation
- At 10 mins, more predictive but needs to be considered with caution
- Mostly used as an assessment indicator
What is the evidence regarding APGAR scoring and CP?
- Evidence that large proportion of CP is not related to intrapartum asphyxia
- In children later diagnosed with CP, 50% had APGARs of 7-10 at 1 min & 75% had scores of 7-10 at 5 mins
What are primitive reflexes?
- Reflexes present in typical development during the newborn period
- Foetus & neonates also demonstrate spontaneous movements
What are primitive reflexes & spontaneous movements essential for?
- Survival of the foetus, preparation for postnatal function & development of the skeletal system
- Persistence/absence reported in children with various neural pathologies
What does the development of controlled movement run in parallel to?
Decrease in neurological reflexes
What are the early feeding reflexes?
- Sucking: Birth-3 months
- Rooting/search reflex: 1-4 months
- Later visual stimulus more important
What is the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex?
- Aka fencing reflex
- Baby turns head to one side, arm & leg on that side extend, opposite arm & leg flex
- 1 week - 4 months
What is the Tonic Labyrinthine reflex?
- Towards prone baby has tendency to flexion
- Towards supine baby has tendency to extension (shoulder retract & hip abduct)
- Test: Moving baby supine to sitting, feeling resistance to flexion at hips
What is the moro reflex?
- Reflex response to sudden loss of support & feeling of falling
- Abduction of arms & opening of hands
- Followed by adduction & flexion of fingers
- 0-6 months
What is the startle reflex?
- Reflex response to sudden of threatening stimuli e.g. sudden noise
- Flexion of the arms & legs
- 7-12 months
What are the primitive reflexes in the hands and feet?
- Hands: Finger grasp
- Feet: Foot grasp, toe curl
- Occur in newborn period
What is the Alberta Infant Motor Scale used for?
- Assess gross motor skills in 0-18 month olds
- Observes skills in prone, supine, sitting & standing
- Predictor of atypical development at 8-12 months
