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Typologies Flashcards

1
Q

Who defines a church and a sect

A

Troeltsch 1931

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2
Q

Outline key features of a church

A 
Large organisations
Born in to it 
Ideologically conservative - support those in power
Tied to state 
Important social functions
Hierarchy 
Preserve monopoly
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3
Q

What is an example of a Church being tied to a state

A

Church of England connected to state/Queen

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4
Q

Evaluation of a church

A

Many do not have majority population as active members
Not always connected to the state
Not always ideologically conservative

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5
Q

What is an example of a church not always being connected to the state

A

Liberation theology

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6
Q

What is an example of the church not always being ideologically conservative

A

Davie - number of radical bishops standing up for the poor

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7
Q

Who defined denominations

A

Niebuhr

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8
Q

Outline Niebuhrs denomination

A 
Formal organisations - hierarchy
Inclusive 
Conservative generally accepting norms and values of society
Not connected to state
Do not claim monopoly
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9
Q

What is an example of a denomination group opposing being conservative

A

Methodists - differ by discouraging drinking and gambling

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10
Q

Who defines what a sect is

A

Troelstch

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11
Q

Outline a sect

A 
Polar opposites of churches
Small organisations
Not connected to state 
Regarded with hostility and suspicion
Withdraw from wider world
Charismatic leader
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12
Q

Evaluation of sects

A

Bruce: churches and sects drift to denomination

Aldridge some groups ambiguous positions: Mormons

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13
Q

What is an example of a sect drifting towards a denomination

A

Jehovahs witnesses

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14
Q

What is an example of a sect with an ambiguous position

A

Mormons
USA = denomination
UK = sect

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15
Q

Outline cults

A 
Relatively small
Usually dont involve a God(s)
Tolerate and accept others
Lack clear rules
'Buy in to services' 
Do not require commitment
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16
Q

What is Bruce’s definition of a cult

A

Loose knit group
Lacking any sharp definition
Or exclusive belief system

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17
Q

What is Stark and Bainbridge’s view on cults

A

They can be subdivided
Audience cults
Client cults
Cultic movements

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18
Q

What are audience cults

A

Little commitment from followers

Little more entertainment

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19
Q

Example of an audience cult

A

Scientology

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20
Q

What are client cults

A

Offer services to followers, seen as customers

Way enhancing life rather than alternative lifestyle

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21
Q

What are cultic movements

A

Members expected to give up aspects of their life
E.g. Live in commune
Offer complete spiritual package

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22
Q

Example of a cultic movement

A

Heavens gate

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23
Q

Evaluation of Stark and Bainbridge

A

Argue typologies do not adequately categorise religions because boundaries not clear cut
But own typology be criticised for own thing???

24
Q

Who researched in to New Religious Movements

25
What are the 3 types of NRMs
World Rejecting World Accommodating World Affirming
26
What typology are World Rejecting NRMs similar to
Sects
27
Example if world rejecting NRMs
Peoples Temple | Moonies
28
What typology are world accommodating NRMs similar to
Denomination
29
Example of a World Accommodating NRM
Neo-Pentecostalism
30
What typology is a World Affirming NRM similar to
Cults
31
Example of a world affirming NRM
Scientology
32
Reasons for growth in sects and cults
``` Practical Secularisation Post Modernity Globalisation Social Deprivation Status Frustration Relative Deprivation Social Change Protests ```
33
What are the practical reasons for appeal of growth of sects and cults
Appeal affluent, successful m.c. who find something missing in their lives Groups claim offer knowledge,techniques and therapies enable unlock spiritual powers
34
Who argues growth of sects and cults is pragmatic reasoning
Heelas
35
How does Becker support practical reasons for growth in sects and cults
Becker: turn to sects to escape | E.G. Moonies offer substitute families
36
How does Giddens argue secularisation lead to growth in sects and cults
People feel traditional religion watered down due to secularisation = find comfort and 'greater sense community in smaller, less impersonal NRMs'
37
How does Bruce argue secularisation lead to growth in sects and cults
Attraction lies in techniques they offer Bring spiritual dimensions Attract those turned off by mainstream religion Provide refuge
38
What is Post Modernity's main concept in reasons fir growth in sects and cults
Filling vacuum of meaning
39
Why does Post Modernity argue growth in sects and cults
Filling vacuum of meaning Heelas: new source meaning and purpose Bauman: crisis of meaning - want to be somebody Identity formation - meet personal needs and lifestyle choices
40
How does globalisation lead to growth sects and cults
'Media saturated society' Pick and choose beliefs from across the world Communicate larger nos than ever Media/Internet raised visibility and profile
41
How does social deprivation according to Weber lead to a growth in sects and cults
Weber: provide theodicy of disprivilege = religious explanation and justification for marginalisation
42
How does social deprivation according to Stark and Bainbridge lead to a growth in sects and cults
Stark and Bainbridge: act as a compensator deal with marginalisation. Secularisation mainstream means they are less able to do this role. Sects = close-knit groups similar positions = sense of security
43
How does status frustration lead to a growth in sects and cults
Wallis: | Support for identity and status independent of school or family
44
How does relative deprivation cause a growth in sects and cults
Stark and Bainbridge: subjective feeling of lacking something = could be sense spiritual or emotional inadequacy = sects overcome this
45
How does social change lead growth of sects
Wilson: rapid/sudden change lead to sects = people feel anomie. Provide solutions in uncertainty Providing new and clearly defined belief systems, supportive groups Certainty in uncertain world
46
How do protests lead to growth in sects and cults
Glock and Stark Appeal those opposing existing society or other religious groups Growth in 60s reflecting disillusionment and protest of society
47
Why are cults and sects short lived
Neibuhr: die out, become denominations, fail to recruit, charismatic leader dies, whole group dies, becomes more structured/bureaucratic
48
What is an example of a sect where the whole group dies
Peoples Temple
49
Why does Wilson argue it depends if sects and cults are short lived or not
Depends if Adventist or Conversationist - how they answer the question how will i be saved Concedes that rising standards education, increased media, globalisation difficult to remain isolated
50
What is Wallis' argument for the future of sects/cults
Depends on internal ideology | World affirming? Rejecting? Accommodating?
51
What is Yingers argument on the future of sects and cults
Isnt just a choice of dying out or becoming a denomination, they may become a long established sect e.g. Amish
52
What is Stark and Bainbridge's 5 concepts for the future of sects and cults
Schism - less privileged, isolated, want to break away Initial Fervour - new leader, world rejecting Becomes More Respectable - 2nd generation adopt beliefs Established and Acceptable New Schism
53
Characteristics of New Age Movements
``` Post 1980 Not organised same as traditional: independent of organisation and spread through culture Exist in holistic milieu Individualistic God/Goddess within ```
54
Key themes of New Age Movements
Spirituality - God/Goddess within Detraditionalistion - reject authority church more moral views Expressive Individualism - world rejecting Utilitarian Individualism
55
What are the beliefs of a NAM
Emphasis on self and self within Everything is connected: holistic Self is final authority: base things personal experience Global Cafeteria: experiences/beliefs Therapy: make you more successful/healthier/happier
56
Why have NAM grown
``` Post modernity Reaction against rationalism Individualism Consumer culture Globalisation Religious pluralism/social fragmentation Looking for meaning (Bauman) ```

Religion (11 decks)

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