U1.3 - Intro to Para (Effects, Evasion, Taxonomy)

Question 1

6 effects of parasite to host

Answer 1

1. may infect humans bud do not cause disease
2. can cause injury
3. can cause invasion and tissue destruction
4. can deprive certain nutrients from hosts
5. tissue damage
6. tissue changes
   streamlining

Question 2

How do parasites cause injury?

Answer 2

• Creation of enzymes
• Invasion and destruction of host tissue
• Depriving the host of essential nutrients and substances

Question 3

4 types of tissue changes

Answer 3

1. hyperplasia
2. hypertrophy
3. metaplasia
4. neoplasia

Question 4

type of tissue damage:
increase in number of cells

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

type of tissue damage:
increase in size of cells

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

type of tissue damage:
change from one cell type to another

Answer 6

metaplasia

Question 7

type of tissue damage:
formation of tumors or neoplasms

Answer 7

neoplasia

Question 8

inability of parasite to synthesize certain cellular components, so they need the help of the host to obtain these components

Answer 8

streamlining

Question 9

6 effects of host to parasite

Answer 9

1. genetic makeup of host
2. nutrition and diet
3. natural physical barriers
4. chemical components of body fluids
5. physiologic function of the body
6. immunity and immune response

Question 10

confers resistance to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi

Answer 10

Duffy Blood Group Fy (a-b-)

Question 11

confers resistance to Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 11

sickle cell anemia

Question 12

macro that inhibits growth of protozoans

Answer 12

high protein diet

Question 13

macro that favors development and appearance of symptoms and complications of amebiasis

Answer 13

low protein diet

Question 14

macro that favors development of some tapeworms

Answer 14

high carbohydrates

Question 15

physical barrier that provides surface protection against invasion from parasites

Answer 15

skin

Question 16

physical barrier that provide external barriers to parasite entry

Answer 16

mucous membranes

Question 17

physical barrier between epithelial cells, prevent passage of small molecules

Answer 17

tight junctions

Question 18

physical barrier that present a hostile environment to microorganisms

Answer 18

low pH of vaginal secretions and gastric juices

Question 19

lipase content of breast milk is toxic to?

Answer 19

Giardia

Question 20

What protein in tears and saliva is able to destroy microorganisms?

Answer 20

lysozyme (with the IgA content)

Question 21

physiologic function: motion of the cilia in the digestive tract that helps in expelling parasites

Answer 21

peristalsis

Question 22

physiologic function: enables expectoration of certain parasites

Answer 22

coughing

Question 23

causes parasite to develop evasion mechanisms

Answer 23

immunity and immune response

Question 24

Parasites eventually become __________ to the immune response.

Answer 24

resistant

Question 25

T/F: Absolute immunity frequently happens.

Answer 25

False; rarely

Question 26

T/F: Hosts can also recognize the invading parasite through its pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

T/F: Hosts can also recognize through toll-like receptors.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

5 parasite evasion mechanisms

Answer 28

1. resistance to immune response 2. immune suppression 3. antigenic variation 4. host mimicry 5. intracellular sequestration

Question 29

identify the evasion mechanism: parasite changes its surface proteins or glycoproteins to avoid detection by the immune system

Answer 29

antigenic variation

Question 30

identify the evasion mechanism: parasite can copy certain proteins/ antigens in the body

Answer 30

host mimicry

Question 31

identify the evasion mechanism: parasites hide inside the cel

Answer 31

intracellular sequestration

Question 32

3 kingdoms

Answer 32

1. kingdom protista (protozoans) 2. kingdom fungi 3. kingdom animalia

Question 33

3 phylums of kingdom protista

Answer 33

1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora 2. Phylum Ciliophora 3. Phylum Apicomplexa

Question 34

Subphylums and species under Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Answer 34

o Subphylum Sarcodina: -----ameba o Subphylum Mastigophora: -----flagellates (atrial flagellates and hemoflagellates)

Question 35

Species under Phylum Ciliophora

Answer 35

ciliates

Question 36

Subphylums and species under Phylum Apicomplexa

Answer 36

Plasmodium, Babesia, Intestinal Coccidians, Tissue Coccidians

Question 37

Phylum and species in kingdom fungi

Answer 37

Phylum Microsporidia * Intracellular parasites * Now classified as fungi in Mycology * Spore forming * Possesses a polar tube (used to penetrate the host cell) * Ex: Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon

Question 38

Phylums and classes in kingdom animalia

Answer 38

* Phylum Aschelminthes o Class Nematoda (roundworms) * Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms) o Class Trematoda (flukes) ▪ Order Digenea o Class Cestoda (tapeworms)

Question 39

Possible outcomes of parasite to host interactions

Answer 39

1. Parasite fails to become established in the host. 2. Parasite becomes established and the host eliminates the infection. 3. Parasite becomes established, and the host begins to overcome the infection but is not totally successful. 4. Parasite becomes established and the host, in trying to eliminate the organism, becomes damaged itself. 5. Parasite becomes established and kills the host.

Question 40

1st line of defense against pathogens

Answer 40

physical barriers

Question 41

4 physical barriers

Answer 41

* Skin * Mucous membranes * Components of body fluids * Physiologic functions of the body

Question 42

type of immune response: body detects and eliminates pathogens through non- specific mechanisms

Answer 42

Innate immune response

Question 43

Identify the type of immune response: Phagocytosis by macrophage and dendritic cells

Answer 43

Innate immune response

Question 44

type of immune response: host exposed to the parasite antigens > stimulate an immune response

Answer 44

Acquired immune response

Question 45

Identify the type of immune response: T and B Cells

Answer 45

Acquired immune response

Question 46

evasion mechanism: permits survival of parasites upon entering blood and tissues

Answer 46

Resistance to Infection

Question 47

Identify the evasion mechanism Cuticle and integument > resist macrophage

Answer 47

Resistance to Infection

Question 48

Parasites can reduce immune function of macrophages > lower action of macrophages and defective processing of antigen

Answer 48

Immune Suppression

Question 49

Identify the evasion mechanism: Body could not differentiate self from non-self

Answer 49

Host Mimicry

Question 50

Identify the evasion mechanism: Echinococcus granulosus larval stages carry P blood group antigens

Answer 50

host mimicry

Question 51

Identify the evasion mechanism: Schistosoma sp. Can acquire antigenic molecules from host

Answer 51

host mimicry

Question 52

Identify the evasion mechanism: Trypanosoma brucei infection: * variant surface glycoproteins (VSG)

Answer 52

Antigenic Variation

Question 53

Identify the evasion mechanism: Plasmodium: antigenic diversity

Answer 53

Antigenic Variation

Question 54

T/F: Dysfunction of any of the host defense systems can result in damage to host tissue and produce clinical disease.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

4 Types of Reaction

Answer 55

1. Type 1 (Immediate type hypersensitivity) 2. Type 2 (Immune complex formation) 3. Type 3 (Cytotoxic reactions of antibody) 4. Type 4 (Delayed-type hypersensitivity)

Question 56

Microspora – now under _______

Answer 56

Fungi

Question 57

unicellular eukaryotic organisms

Answer 57

Protozoans

Question 58

"worms"; metazoan parasites

Answer 58

Helminthes

Question 59

3 types of helminthes

Answer 59

* Nematodes (Roundworms) * Cestodes (Tapeworms) * Trematodes (Flukes)