U1T1 - Keywords Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Bioelements
A
Natural element producing chem comps for living organisms.
2
Q
Polar
A
Unevenly distributed charges
3
Q
Non-polar
A
Evenly distributed charges.
4
Q
Solvent
A
Liquid that dissolves solute.
5
Q
Lamella
A
Membranes folded in chloroplasts.
6
Q
ATP
A
Adenine Triphosphate
7
Q
Organic compounds/molecules
A
Chem comps with rings/chains of carbon
8
Q
Covalent bonds
A
2 atoms have a shared pair of electrons. Very strong.
9
Q
Condensation
A
Removing a water molecule to make a bond.
10
Q
Hydrolysis
A
Adding water molecule to break a bond.
11
Q
Glycosidic bond
A
Covalent bond that joins carb molecules to another group.
12
Q
Hexose sugar
A
Sugar with 6 carbon atoms per molecule.
13
Q
Structural isomers
A
Same molecular formula but diff structural formula
14
Q
A1,4 glycosidic bond
A
OH group sticks down from ring. Links C1 + C4.
15
Q
B1,4 glycosidic bond
A
OH group sticks up from ring. Links C1 + C4.
16
Q
Monosaccharide
A
Simple sugar, formula of (CH20)n. Sweet, soluble + crystalline.
17
Q
Disaccharide
A
2 monosaccharides combined. Condensation reactions form their glycosidic bonds.
18
Q
Polysaccharide.
A
Many monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic bonds (macromolecule)
19
Q
Saturated fatty acid
A
Single bonds between carbon atoms, max num of hydrogen atoms.
20
Q
Unsaturated fatty acid
A
1+ double bonds between carbon atoms.
21
Q
Triglyceride
A
3 fatty acids + glycerol joined by ester bonds
22
Q
Micronutrients
A
Trace elements
23
Q
Ionic bonding
A
Bond between polar elements (metal + non-metal)
24
Q
Cations
A
+ charged ions
25
Anions
- charged ions
26
Chlorosis
Yellowing of leaves
27
DNA
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
28
Nucleotides
Molecules made up of pentose sugar, phosphate group + nitrogenous base.
29
Rickets
Lack of calcium leading to holey bonds, knock knees etc.
30
Buffer
Chem which resists pH changes to ensure always optimum.
31
Benedicts test
Semi-quantitative test for reducing sugars.
32
Phospholipids
Similar to triglycerides. Ionised phosphate group, polar.
33
Phosphodiester bond
Bond between pentose sugar + phosphate molecule of next molecule.
34
Anti-parallel
Run in opposite directions to each other
35
Chromosome
Tightly packed DNA wound round histone.
36
Chlorophyll
Green pigment which absorbs light for photosynthesis.
37
Active transport
Movement of ions against concentration gradient (higher to lower) assisted by enzymes
38
Exergonic reaction
Reaction where energy is released
39
Turgidity
Helps plant cells keep structure
40
Monomers
Molecule that can join to other monomers to form polymer.
41
Polymers
Chain like macromolecule of many repeating monomers joined.
42
Polymerisation
Process of joining monomers to create a polymer.
43
Carbohydrates
Organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen + oxygen.
44
Fructose
Hexose sugar, sweetest.
45
Lactose
Sugar in milk.
46
Maltose
First product of starch digestion. Broken into glucose for respiration. Brewing + food manufacture as malt.
47
Sucrose
Sugar transported from leaves to growth areas, not reducing. Soluble transport carb in plants.
48
Reducing sugar
Sugar that can reduce due to free aldehyde group. More easily broken down.
49
Amylose
Linear, unbranched chain of a-glucose molecules by 1,4 g bonds.Coiled to spiral, held together by h bonds.
50
Amylopectin
Branched molecule of 1,4 and 1,6 a-glucose monomers.
51
Glycogen
Storage carb in animal + fungal cells. Contains a-glucose.
52
Microfibril
Fine fibril with glycoproteins + cellulose.
53
Cellulose
Polymer of b-glucose units. Insoluble.
54
Pentose sugar
5 carbon sugar
55
Micelles
Spherical structures that occur when phospholipids are mixed with water.
56
True lipids
Esters of fatty acids + glycerol, formed by condensation reactions.
57
Peptide bond
Bond between 2 amino acids.
58
Dipeptide
2 amino acids joined together
59
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
60
Secondary structure
When parts of polypeptide chain take shape after formation at ribosome. Folded/twisted.
61
Tertiary structure
3D shape. Unique. Made perm by 4 types of bonds.
62
Hydrophobic interactions
When hyrophobic tails point in and hydrophilic heads point out and h bond with surrounding water molecules.
63
Globular proteins
Spherical tertiary structure,
64
Quaternary structure
2+ polypeptide chains bond. e.g haemoglobin becomes conjugated protein
65
Disulphide bridges
Bonds which hold polypeptide chains together.
66
Prosthetic group
Non-protein group which joins to a protein made of polypeptide chains (quaternary)
67
Conjugated protein
Protein + prosthetic group
68
Fibrous protein
Polypeptides in parallel chains, linked to form long fibrous sheets.
69
Collagen
3 polypeptide chains twisted into helix. Very strong.
70
Prosthetic group
Non-protein group which joins to a protein made of polypeptide chains (quaternary) which is necessary for function
71
Glycoprotein
Conjugated proteins
72
Prions
Disease causing proteins. Protinaceous infectious particles.
73
DNA polymerase
Enzyme which catalyses DNA polymerisation of nucleotides to form polynucleotide chain.
74
Semi-conservative replication
DNA replication. One strand conserved, one new.
75
DNA helicase
Separates 2 DNA strands, uses ATP. Allows nucleotides to attach.
76
DNA ligase
Joins polynucleotide pieces together.
77
Replication forks
Areas where DNA replication occurs.
78
Rf
Retardation factor.
79
Ester bond
Carboxyl group of fatty acid + hydroxyl group of glycerol.
80
Nucleic acids
Many repeating nucleotides.
81
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
82
Complementary base pairing
The way nitrogenous bases pair up (purine to pyrimidine) in order to ensure there is equal width in a DNA molecule.
83
Element
A substance containing only one type of atom.
84
Molecule
Two or more atoms chemically bonded.
85
Compound
A molecule containing 2+ diff elements.
86
Ion
An atom/group of atoms with electric charge due to loss/gain of 1+ electrons.
87
Macromolecule
Big molecule (e.g. carb/lipid/protein/nucleic acid) consisting of smaller molecules linked together.
88
Adhesion
H bonds let water create multiple bonds with other polar molecules so it can climb e.g. capillary action.
89
Cohesion
H bonds let water create multiple bonds with itself so it sticks together. e.g. surface tension (belly flop)
90
Density anomality
The fact that ice is less dense than water.
91
High specific heat
Water needs lots of energy to break its hydrogen bonds so it takes a lot for its temp to increase.
92
Colloid/colloidal suspension
When a layer of water forms on top of molecules which don't dissolve, meaning they stay dispersed.
93
Fatty acid
Composed of C,H,O + carboxyl group at one end.
94
Glycolipids
Combination of carbohydrate and lipid
95
Lipoproteins
Lipid + protein. Large + water soluble.
96
Nucleoside
Bond between nitrogenous base and deoxyribose molecule, glycosidic bond.
97
Organic macromolecules
A large molecule made of subunits with carbon originating in living organisms.
98
Trioses
Monosaccharide with (CH2O)3 formula.
99
Heptose
Monosaccharide with 7 carbon atoms.
100
Tensile strength
Ability of a material to withstand being stretched before breaking.
101
SSS
Single (bonds) saturated (triglyceride) solid (at room temp).
102
DUL
Double (bonds) unsaturated (triglyceride) liquid (at room temp).
103
Deoxyribose
Soluble carb which is a component of DNA.
