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AP Psych > U2: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

U2: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

soma

A

the cell body which maintains the health of the neuron

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2
Q

dendrites

A

recieve messages from other cells

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3
Q

axon

A

passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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4
Q

mylin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and help speed neural impulses

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5
Q

synapse

A

space gap between neurons

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6
Q

glial cells

A

support neurons/stimulates growth repair damage, keep them in place

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7
Q

action potential

A
  1. dendrites recieve info and send to soma
  2. when same is at resting potential, soma is polorized. message causes the soma to depolorize. positive ions come inside the cell and make less neg
  3. if the cell reaches its threshold, an action potential is fired
  4. impulses move down the axon
  5. vesicles are pushed to the axon terminals where they release neurotranmitters into the synapse
    6 refactory period accours where the cell is going vback to rest. another action potential can’t fire
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8
Q

polorized vs depolorized

A

depolorized: the process of when the cells change becomes positive or less negative
polorized - higehr negative change

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9
Q

excitatory postsynaptic potential vs inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

EPSP: postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential (depolorized
IPSP: postsynaptic neron does not fire an action potentail

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10
Q

reuptake

A

neurotramsitters are ryclycles by the presynaptic neuron

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11
Q

agonist vs antagonist

A

agnoist: mimics a neurotranmitter
antagonist - blocks receptor sites

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12
Q

acetylcholine

A

memory: voluntary muscle movement
deficeny alzhiemrs

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13
Q

dopamine

A

experiences of pleaure (reward)
initian of voluntary muscle movement
def: parkingson’s
escess: schizophrenic, addiction

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14
Q

norepinephrine

A

arousal, alertness, attention, mood
defiency : depression
excess: anxiety

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15
Q

serotonin

A

mood, sleep, appetite
deficiency: depression
excess: mania, ocd
fluctuation: bipolar

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16
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory signals, reduce activity of CNS, involoved in sleep and arousal
def: hungtingtons

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17
Q

glutamate

A

exratory signals
stragnthening neural connections; kearning

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18
Q

endorphins

A

reduce pain; euphoria (runners high)

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19
Q

peripherl nervous system

A

somatiic : skeletal
automatic: aumtaic

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20
Q

somatic nervous system

A

volunary

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21
Q

afferent neurons

A

sensory; brings in sensory information

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22
Q

efferent neurons

A

motor - carries info from teh brain

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23
Q

automatic nervous system

A

involuntary

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24
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

mobilizes body for action/energy output
increases heartrate, dilates puipls

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25
parasympathtic nervous system
conserves energy maintains quiet state
26
central nervous system
spine and brain
27
reflexes
quick involuntary respose / controlled by spinal cord
28
traditional vs reflex arc
trad: sensory input via affferent neurons - spine - brain - spine - guide muscles via efferent neurons reflex: sensory input via afferent nerouns - spinal cord - actions via efferent neurons - spine - brain
29
eeg -
attach electrodes to scalp; moniter electrical brain activity
30
leasioning
destroying brain tissue
31
esb/dbs
stimulate brain structure with weak electric currents snet to implanted electrode
32
cat
x-ray of brain strcutre
33
pet
inject small amount of radioactive glucose to moniter chemical activity
34
mri
uses magnetic fields to map out brai structure
35
fmri
moniters blood flow and oxygen to the brain to identify areas of high activity real time
36
hindbrain
first area to fully develop
37
medulla
vital function (heart rate, blood pressure, berathin)
38
pons
sleeping and dreams
39
cerebellum
balance and coordination
40
reticular formation
a network of cells that control alertness, attention, arounasal
41
substantia nigra
initian of movement
42
thalamus
central relay station for all senses expect small
43
hypothalamus
biological drives
44
hippocampus
formation of new memories
45
amygdala
emotial reations gear and agresssion
46
basal ganglia
important to smooth mucle movemet and actions involved in procerdural memory for skills
47
corpus callsum
bundle of fibers that connects teh right and eft hemisphere and allows both halves to communicate
48
occipital lobe
conatins visul cortex seeing
49
parietal lobe
contains comatosensory contex touch (pressure pain tem)
50
temporal lobe
contain auditory cortex hearing
51
rontal lobe
motor cortex - movement orefrontal cortex - higher order thinking and personality
52
mirror neurons
neurons that fire whne we watch others perform action
53
plasticty
the ability of the bain to strgnthem existing neural connections and form new connection
54
left hemishpere
controls right side of the body speech language, logic, analysis, math
55
brocas area
left frontal lobe production of speech and language
56
wernikes area
left temporal lobe comprehension and intrepretation of speech and language
57
right hemisphere
controls left side of body nonverbal, creative, spatial patterns, facial recognition, emotion
58
endocrine system
glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream and absorbed by organs and glands throughout teh body
59
hormones
chemicals released by the endocrine system into the bloodstream
60
pituitary gland
master gland of the endocrine system in the brain
61
consciousness
awarness of external events internal sensation, yourself, your thoughts
62
consciousness, subconscious, unconscious
conscious - current awarness subconscious - just below present awarness; can int consciousness unconscious - completly unaware; connot access (but still influences us)
63
states of consciousness
characteristics of awarness at a given point in time awake alert
64
altered states of sonsiousness
big changes in behavior or mental processes
65
ircadian rhythms
24 hour cycle
66
suprachiasmatic nucleus
in hypothalamus; reguates he circadian rythem
67
entrainment
adjusting to a new cycle
68
sleep cycle
awake and alert - beta waves awake and resting - alpha waves stage 1 - theta waves stage 2 - theta waves; sleep spindles (burts of brain waves) k complex (waves appear) NREMstage 3 - delat waves; dep sleep reverse through states 3, then 2, then eneter 1st REM cycle REM - rapid eye movement - heart rate bp, brain waves increase; mix of beta and theta waves; dreaming beginning of night more time in deep; end of night more time in rem
69
rem rebound
if yo are deprived of rem sleep, the next night will spend more time in REM and get tehre mroe quickly
70
acending recticular activating system
part of rectivuar formation (alertness, attention, arousal)
71
insomnia
inability to fall asleep and stay asleep
72
narcolepsy
excessive daytime sleepiness;
73
sleep apnea
when someone stops breathing momentarily during the night
74
nightmares vs night terrors
nightmares - scary dreas during REM; can remenber; can easily be woken night terrors - horrific images/ dreams during deep sleep; hard to wake
75
somnambulism
sleepwalking (occurs during stage 3; from random neural firing in the areas of teh brain
76
REM behavior disorder
body does not experience normal sleep paralysis during REM; people act out their dreams
77
Freud's wish fulfillment thory of dreaming
dreams ae symbols of unconcious urges / desires / fears
78
manifest content vs latent content
manifest - plot story of the dream latent content - underlying symbolism/meaning of the dream
79
cognitive theory of dreamig
dreams allo us to process infomation from the day and aid in problem solving
80
activatio synthesis theory of dreaming
dreams are random by products of random neural firings that we try to make sense of in a story
81
lucid dreaming
being aware that you are dreaming
82
psychological dependence on a drug
need for teh drug for a sense of well being
83
physical dependence on a drug
continued use of frug is necessary to avoid withdrawal
84
tolerance
inceasing amount of drug is needed to produce same effect
85
naroctics/opiats
reduce pain; agnostic for endorphins ex: morphine, vicodin, heroin
86
sedatives/deppressants
decrease activity of CNS; agnostic for GABA ex: alcahol, sleeping pills , barbituiates
87
stimulates
increase activity of CNS; agnostic for norepinephrine ex: cocaine, ADHD meds, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, MDMA

AP Psych (8 decks)

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