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AP Psych > U5 P1 - Memory Cognition and Language > Flashcards

U5 P1 - Memory Cognition and Language Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

thinking and mental processes

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2
Q

encoding, storage, and retrieval

A

encoding - bringing in information from enviorment and processing
storage - holding information in memory over time
retrivial - pulling back information from storage into consciousness

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3
Q

attetion

A

infor most attended to will be encoded better and therefore remebered better

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4
Q

cocktail party effect

A

being able to focus on covo and shifting attention when name is said

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5
Q

structural, phonemic, and semantic encoding

A

structural - encoding what the stimulus looks like
phonemic - encoding what the stimulus sounds like
semantic - encoding what the stimulus means

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6
Q

elabroaticve encoding

A

making connection between old and new information

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7
Q

self referent encoding

A

a form of elaborative encoding that makes connection bewteen new info and yourself

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8
Q

levels of processing

A

how deeply we encode the information determines how well we recall the information

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9
Q

information processing model

A

information is made up of 3 stores: sensory, short term, and long term

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10
Q

sensory memory

A

iconic - visual
echoic - auditory

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11
Q

chunking

A

grouping items 9increases amount of info we can recall

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12
Q

flashbulb memories

A

detailed vivid memories of emotionally significant events 9usually when we first heard the info0

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13
Q

schemas

A

menatl reprentations of people, objects, events usulally craeted by experience

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14
Q

parallel distributed processing

A

momory consits of a network of interconnected fact where new info is added to teh network; mroe interconecdondess = better recall

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15
Q

mnemonic devices

A

strategies for enhancing memory that involove unusual association

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16
Q

acrostics and acroyms

A

phrases and words formed using teh first letter

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17
Q

link method

A

forming a mental image of items to be remebered in a way that links them together

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18
Q

method of loci

A

taking awalk along a familiar path wghere items to be remebered are accosciated iwt familar location

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19
Q

overlearning

A

repeated rehersal of material after tyou first seemed to have mastered it to overcome the forgetting curve

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20
Q

context dependent learning

A

remebering information best inthe same physical location as where the information was learned

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21
Q

remevering

A

information best in the same phsyoligical state as when info was learned

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22
Q

mood congruency

A

info processing is facilitated in a person’s eotional state in similar to teh tone of the info being leraned

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23
Q

distributed vs massed practice

A

distributed - learning in mslal intervals
massed - learning in large chunck

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24
Q

seriel position effect

A

better recall of itens at beginning and end of list
primacy effect - beginning of list
recenecy effect - end of list

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25
tip of touge phenomenon
retrieval of incomplete information
26
constructive memory
using exusting shecmas to fill in gaps in meomory during encoding and retrieval
27
elizabeth loftus
misinfomation effect - asked questions about two cars
28
misinformation effect
when momory is affected by post event information
29
relaity monitoring
process of deciding whether memories are based off of external or internal sources
30
source monitoruing
making attributes to the sources of memories
31
destination meory
recalling to whom one has told
32
forgetting curve
most forgetting happens within 1 hour after 9 hours memory is reletively constant
33
recall vs recognition
recall - no cues regognition - selction from an array of option
34
metjod of savings
less time/effort is need to relern material after forgetting
35
ineffective encoding
you didn't forget, you never encoded it in the first place
36
decay
gradual eroision of memeory
37
retroactive interference
ne info impairs recall of old info
38
proactive interference
old info impairs learning/recall of new info
39
transfer appropriate processing
how well we remeber is based on how much retrieval matches encoding
40
tivated fogetting/repression
pushing memeories into unconsciousness
41
retrospective vs prospective memory
retrospective - remembering events from the past or previpusly learned information prospecting - remembering to perform actions in the furture
42
episodic vs seantic vs procedural memory
episodic - memories of specific events that happened whil you were present semantic - memeories of facts or generlized knowledge proceudral - memeories of skills
43
declaritice explicit vs nondeclaritive implicit memoery
declaritive - factual info nondeclarative - actions, skills, emotions, responsies
44
long term potentiation
increase in synptic strength; practice retieving infomation stergnthen synaptic connections
45
retrograde vs anterograde anmesia
retrograde - losso f memories before onset of amnesia anterograde - loss of memories after ofnset of amnesia
46
functional fixidness
the tendency to use items only in its most common ways; the inability to use itemsin different ways
47
mental set
persistence in using problem solving tsrats that have worked in teh past; is a barrier when it stops you for seeing other ways of solving the problem
48
fixation
focusing on only one aspect of the problem; inability to see the problem from another persective
49
unnessary contraints
tendency to impart our own rules that are not part of the system
50
algorithm
a methofical step by step procure to try all possible solutions; time consuing but gaurenteed solution
51
heurists
a mental shortcut or rule of thumb used in problem solving or descionmaking
52
composition
breaking down a problem into smaller parts
53
using analogies
making a connection between current problem and problem you've already solved and using similar strats
54
incubation
setting the problem aside for a while and coming back to it later
55
attributes and utility
attributes - factors to be considered when making a descion utility - personal value assigend to each attribute
56
availability heuristic
a mental shortcut in decsion making based on how readily relevant information comes to mind
57
represntative heurtitc
a mental shortcut were someone makes a descion based on how something fits tehir schem or prototype
58
anchoring heuristic
tendency to base a judgment on intial informationa nd only change it slightly after new information is presented
59
recognition heuristic
tendency to believe that the recognized objects have higher value
60
overconfidence
the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs
61
belief perserverence
clinging to one's beliefe safetr the basis of which tehy were made have been discredited
62
gambler's fallacy
belief that the odds of a chance event increase if teh event has not happened recently
63
confirmation bias
the tendency to only seek, recall, and intrepret info in ways liekly to support on's own beliefs
64
framing effect
decision making can be affected by how choices are structured
65
phenomes
smallest element of sound
66
morphemes
smallest unit of language that provides meaning
67
syntax
rules that govern the arrangment of words
68
semantics
rules that givern the meanings of words
69
surface structure vs deep structure
surface - string of words deep - underlying meaing
70
milestones in language
cooing - giggling babbling - syllables over and over one word - objects and people two word - subject verb subject verb objects - imple sentence
71
overextnsion and underextension
overextension - when a child incorrectlty uses a word to describe a wider set of objects underextension - when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects
72
overregularization
overgeneralizing grammatical rules
73
metalignuistic awarness
ability to understand language
74
behavorist theories of laguage aquistion
learning nurtue - imitation and rewards
75
chomsky's language aquistion device
an innate mechanism or process that facilitates the learning of language
76
linguistic relativity
whorfian hypothesis hypothesis that states that ones language influence nature of one's thoughts and perceptions
77
herman ebbinghaus
forgetting curve
78
Chomsky
language aquisition device

AP Psych (8 decks)

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