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Geography GCSE Edexcel 2016 > U2- Challenges of a Rural World > Flashcards

U2- Challenges of a Rural World Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a rural area?

A

A rural area is usually defined as one that is sparsely populated and is either mainly used for farming or left as wilderness.

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2
Q

Define national park.

A

A national park is specifically designated area of outstanding national beauty which benefits from special protection and management.

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3
Q

What are the 5 stages of the rural-urban continuum?

A

1) Remote Countryside.
2) Accessible Countryside.
3) Commuter Belt.
4) Urban Fringe.
5) Urban Area.

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4
Q

What is the ‘remote countryside’ stage of the rural-urban continuum?

A

Takes best part of a day to get there from a city.

E.g: Remote, north west highlands of Scotland.

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5
Q

What is the ‘accessible countryside’ stage of the rural-urban continuum?

A

Within day-trip reach, very rural.

E.g: Malham.

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6
Q

What is the ‘commuter belt’ stage of the rural-urban continuum?

A

Settlements used by city-based workers and their families.

E.g: Otley.

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7
Q

What is the ‘urban fringe’ stage of the rural-urban continuum?

A

Area where countryside is lost to urban growth.

E.g: Adel.

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8
Q

What is the ‘urban area’ stage of the rural-urban continuum?

A

Town or city that is built up and has a high population density.

E.g: London, Leeds.

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9
Q

Name 5 national parks.

A
  • Yorkshire Dales.
  • Lake District.
  • Snowdonia.
  • Dartmoor.
  • Cairngorms.
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10
Q

What is a primary job?

A

A job that produces goods/raw materials➡️E.g: oil, drilling.

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11
Q

What is a secondary job?

A

Manufacturing process, converting raw materials into components➡️E.g: plastics from oil or building houses.

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12
Q

What is a tertiary job?

A

Commercial services that support the production and distribution process➡️E.g: insurance, transport, advertising, teaching or healthcare.

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13
Q

What is a quaternary job?

A

Sector based on knowledge and skill➡️E.g: IT computing or consultancy.

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14
Q

What is arable farming?

A

Growing crops.

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15
Q

What is pastoral farming?

A

Rearing animals.

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16
Q

What is commercial farming?

A

Farming for a profit where food is produced by advanced technological means for sale in the market.

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17
Q

What is subsistence farming?

A

Farming that provides enough food for the farmer and their family but not enough for sale.

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18
Q

What is intensive agriculture?

A

Growing a large amount of crops on a small patch of land/restricted space➡️E.g: battery farms.

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19
Q

What is extensive agriculture?

A

Growing a small amount of produce in a large area of land with liitle input from farmers.

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20
Q

Give 5 statistics about the Lake District.

A
  • Nearly 3000km2, 53km wide.
  • Population= 40,800.
  • Population density= 18p/km2.
  • 16 million tourists p/year who spend £1146 million.
  • 32% rented houses, 68% bought, 15% holiday home.
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21
Q

What is the cycle of decline in rural areas?

A

People, especially the young, leave for more opportunities in urban areas➡️Employers find it hard to recruit labour➡️Less investment happens in the area and businesses shut➡️Less money, employment and fewer people leads to shop and services declining➡️People notice the decline and lower quality of life.

22
Q

How are rural areas in developed countries challenged by competition from abroad?

A

As agricultural income falls farms diversify➡️E.g: tourist accomodation.

23
Q

How are rural areas in developed countries challenged by population changes?

A
  • Accessible rural areas have increasing population.
  • Remote rural areas have decreasing population➡️Shortage of jobs and lack of social life.
24
Q

How are rural areas in developed countries challenged by a decline in services?

A
  • Independant stores become less profitable and close down.
  • Bus services decline➡️Elderly cut off.
  • Health centres close➡️Makes getting medical treatment harder.
25
Q

How are rural areas in developed countries challenged by new homes and house prices increasing (counter-urbanisation)?

A
  • Unprotected rural areas are at risk from being built on➡️Traffic congestion and increased car journeys.
  • Restrictions in national parks means housing stock is reduced➡️Local homeowners pushed out of price bracket.
26
Q

How are rural areas in developed countries challenged by job losses?

A
  • Jobs in Lake District rely on tourism➡️Tourism is seasonal, low paid and part-time.
  • Machines replace people.
  • Raw materials have run out, so mines close down.
  • Imported food and materials decreases demand from the countryside.
27
Q

What does diversification mean?

A

When a business (e.g: a farm) decides to sell other products or services in order to survive or grow.

28
Q

What is farm-based diversification?

A

-Based around farm businesses. Includes possible changes or rearing other animals. Farm shops also allow farmers to sell their product.

Example: Low Sizergh Barn, Lake District

  • Giftshop and farm.
  • Farm trail to show visitors livestock.
  • Encourages visitors to increase understanding of countryside, knowledge of where food comes from and how it’s produced.
29
Q

What is non farm-based diversification?

A

-These activities use farmland but for different purposes. They include campsites and other activities such as paintballing, outdoor pursuits and off-road driving.

Example: Holmescales, Lake District.

  • Hosts corporate events for business wanting to develop team skills out of office.
  • Offers a range of activities such as paintballing and adventure challenges (rock climbing, canoeing).
30
Q

What is organic farming?

A

Organic farming does not use chemical farming fertilisers or feed additives for livestock. It relies on more natural forms of farming such as biological pest control and crop rotation.

31
Q

What are the positive aspects of organic farming?

A

✅The environment benifits because natural habitats are less threatened.

✅The soil can be in better condition because of the manure used.

✅It can provide healthier food for people.

✅Biodiversity increases with fewer chemicals which harm bees and other insects.

✅The industry is worth over £1 billion a year.

32
Q

What are the negative aspects of organic farming?

A

❌More produce is damaged by pests.

❌Weed control is time consuming, as weeds are often removed mechanically.

❌Some organic pesticides can remain in the soil and be harmful.

❌Some organic farming methods use more water than non-organic methods.

❌The crop yield is lower on organic farms (approx. 20% less).

❌Most organic food bought is actually imported.

33
Q

How is northern Malawi challenged by rural-urban migration?

A

-Less men to work➡️Harder to farm➡️Less yielded.

34
Q

How is northern Malawi challenged by rural isolation?

A

Telecommunications services are slow➡️Congested phone lines➡️Mobiles increasing.

35
Q

How is northern Malawi challenged by drought?

A
  • Water shortages lead to food shortages.
  • Increased desertification.
36
Q

How is northern Malawi challenged by rural isolation?

A

Poor infrastructure➡️When roads flood, rural areas are cut off.

37
Q

How is northern Malawi challenged by changing farm economy?

A
  • Falling tobacco prices.
  • Rising fertiliser costs➡️Due to fertiliser being made from oil, no fertilisers=poverty.
  • 50kg bag➡️2010=£10, 2012= £30.
38
Q

What issue is northern Malawi facing in terms of tobacco farming?

A
  • No just a health concern, but a matter of child labour and child mortality in undeveloped countries.
  • 600 prosecuted but 1/2 a million children working in it all year round.
  • Growers do not own the land, they grow tobacco for landowners who sell it at auction.
  • Children are taken out of school by parents to work.
39
Q

What are the 3 main types of farmers in Malawi?

A

1) Cash Crop Plantations.
2) Tobacco Tenants.
3) Smallholders.

40
Q

Explain how cash crop plantations work in Malawi.

A
  • British colonies in Malawi in 19th century took over land and developed plantations to produce most of Malawi’s exports.
  • Many are still under British ownership, including TNCs.
  • These estates have large inputs- irrigation, fertiliser, storage.
  • They hire local landless labourers or subsistence farmers seeking extra income.
  • They get roughly 1p p/kg of tea leaves➡️Tea sold on the global market for £2 p/kg.
41
Q

Explain how tobacco tenants work.

A
  • Tobacco earns 10% of Malawi’s GDP and 2 million Malawians depend on it for income.
  • Many adult tobacco growers work as tobacco tenants for companies such as British American Tobacco.
  • Tobacco estate owners allocate tenant farmers a plot to produce a specific amount of tobacco.
  • However, many tobacco workers are children.
42
Q

Explain how smallholders work.

A
  • Smallholders make up the majority of farmers in most areas.
  • Across Malawi, 1.8million families occupy 1.8million hectares of land.
  • Between them they produce 80% of Malawi’s food.
  • However, half of these farmers produce only enough for subsistence farming➡️They grow maize, rice and groundnuts to feed the family.
  • Those with larger plots produce small quantities of cash crops but the income is used to pay school fees and medical bills.
43
Q

Who are the Kasinthula Cane Growers?

Run by?

Aim?

How?

Success?

A

Run: Set up by 1996 by Malawi’s state-owned sugar mill corporation and South African-owned sugar mill.

Aim: To convert an area of uneconomic land to sugar cane production which would increase the amount of sugar to mill and provide income for subsistence farmers who worked nearby.

How: Project divided 1200 hectares of poor land into 2-3 hectare sugar cane plots to provide income for subsistence farmers in 3 villages.

Success: Fairtrade premium is paid into a fund run by locals➡️Money spent on providing access to clean water, electricity, building secondary school and health clinic and increased farmers’ incomes.

44
Q

How can quality of life be improved in rural India using biogas?

A

✅Cooking with gas produces smoke-free kitchens➡️Fewer lung infections.

✅Women + children no longer spend time finding firewood➡️Girls have time to go to school.

✅Micro-organisms in cattle dung which cause disease are destroyed as dung ferments.

✅After digestion sludge is richer in nutrients than raw manure➡️Better fertiliser.

✅Many villages now use biogas to power electricity generators which provide light + allow water to be pumped from underground.

45
Q

How can quality of life be improved in Bangladesh by the Grameen Bank?

A
  • Micro finance bank set up 1974➡️Founder lent $27 to group of 42 families to help them create a business making items to sell.
  • Scheme grew and bank became formal 1983➡️Makes small loans to the rural poor.
  • Bank based on principles that everyone has potential, charity doesn’t solve poverty (create dependency), business skills lift people out of poverty➡️Loans are small and quickly repayable and once a loan has been repaid a person can borrow again.
  • Bank concentrates on lending to women (98% of borrowers) and communities for wells, farm equipment and livestock.
46
Q

How can quality of life be improved by mobile health clinics in South Africa?

A

✅John Taolo Gaetsewe is a district in South Africa’s Northern Cape province which faces major health challenges➡️Some of South Africa’s highest rates for infant mortality, maternal deaths and HIV/AIDs infection.

✅Access to healthcare limited, expensive to get taxi service 130km to nearest hospital, otherwise donkey cart or nothing.

✅2011➡️Medical team working for Anglo-American developed the Batho Pele health units➡️Mobile clinics bring health clinic to bring health services to remote rural areas.

✅Services include screening for infection, eye testing, dental care and surgery for free➡️2000 patients in 1st month.

Anglo-American payed for the first 2 years then handed the responsiblity to governemnt’s Department of Health.

47
Q

How does the rural economy vary from the normal economy in the developed world?

A

In the Peak District commercial farming, manufacturing and tourism are more important to the economy than in the UK as a whole.

48
Q

What do rural development projects often focus on?

A
  • Developing agriculture to improve food supply and increase incomes.
  • Ensuring a safe and secure water supply.
  • Developing infrastructure to improve trade and reduce isolation.
  • Providing basic services to improve quality of life.
49
Q

Give an example of an Inter-Governmental Organisation and explain what they do.

A
  • World Bank, United Nations.
  • Provide a framework of targets for countries to achieve.
  • Provide funding for rural development➡️Usually large scale.
50
Q

How do national governments deliver rural development projects?

A
  • Implement nationwide networks like schools or health clinics.
  • Focus on targets➡️Vaccinating a % of people, getting children into school.
51
Q

How do local governments deliver rural development projects?

A
  • Developing➡️Weak and poorly financed.
  • Kerala, India➡️Successfully focused on improving literacy rates.
52
Q

Give an example of a Non-Governmental Organisation and explain what they do.

A
  • Oxfam, Practical Action.
  • Rely on donations.
  • Work with local communities to provide basic needs and improve income➡️Small scale.

Geography GCSE Edexcel 2016 (12 decks)

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