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Biology 3&4 > U3 AOS1 P3 Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation > Flashcards

U3 AOS1 P3 Protein Synthesis and Gene Regulation Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which contains the information to produce a protein or functional RNA molecule

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

A 
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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3
Q

How is mRNA created?

A

Via transcription

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4
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A copy of a nucleotide sequence for a specific gene

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5
Q

Where is rRNA made?

A

Nucleolus

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6
Q

What does rRNA make up when added with proteins?

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to form polypeptide chain

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8
Q

How many different types of tRNA are there?

A

61

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9
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in DNA?

A

Triplet

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10
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in mRNA?

A

Codon

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11
Q

What are the sequence of 3 bases called in tRNA?

A

Anti-codon

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12
Q

What holds amino acids together?

A

Peptide bonds

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13
Q

What does the term degenerate mean?

A

Refers to the genetic code, as more than one codon can code for the same amino acid

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14
Q

What are the 3 STOP codons?

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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15
Q

What is the START codon?

A

AUG

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16
Q

What 4 features do all EUKARYOTIC genes have?

A

Coding Region
Flanking Region
Upstream Region
Downstream Region

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17
Q

What is the Coding Region on a gene?

A

Part of gene which contains genetic information for making a protein

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18
Q

What is the Flanking Region on a gene?

A

Region either side of the coding region.

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19
Q

What is the Upstream Region on a gene?

A

The flanking region at the start of the coding region

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20
Q

What is the Downstream Region on a gene?

A

The flanking region at the end of the coding region

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21
Q

What is the Promoter Region?

A

The 5’ end just before the start code in upstream region

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22
Q

What binds to the Promoter Region?

A

RNA polymerase, which then creates Ribosome eventually.

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23
Q

What is an Extron?

A

All regions of DNA which are expressed (coding region)

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24
Q

What is an Intron?

A

All regions of DNA which are removed when mRNA is modified (non-coding regions)

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25
What are the 3 stages of protein synthesis in Eukaryotes?
Transcription RNA processing Translation
26
What is Transcription?
The production of a single-stranded mRNA from DNA template
27
Where does Transcription occur?
Nucleus
28
What are the 3 stages of Transcription and Translation?
Initiation Elongation Termination
29
What happens in the Initiation stage of Transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region on gene, unwinds the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds, exposing bases on template strand
30
What happens in the Elongation stage of Transcription?
RNA polymerase moves along DNA template strand, attaching RNA nucleotides with base-pairing rules to form pre-mRNA
31
What happens in the Termination stage of Transcription?
RNA polymerase moves into downstream region and reaches a stop codon, releasing the pre-mRNA molecule. DNA molecule then reforms
32
What is the purpose of RNA processing?
Modifies the pre-mRNA so it can leave the Nucleus for Translation
33
What happens in the first step of RNA processing?
5' cap is placed at the end of pre-mRNA, protecting molecule from enzymes
34
What happens in the second step of RNA processing?
Poly-A tail is placed at the 3' end of pre-mRNA, stabilising the molecule
35
What happens in the third step of RNA processing?
Introns are cut out and exons are joined together, all done by spliceosomes (splicing)
36
What is Alternative Splicing?
pre-mRNA can be spliced in different ways, resulting in different mature mRNA strands and proteins being produced
37
What is Translation?
Process which codons on mRNA are translated into a sequence of amino acids forming polypeptide chain
38
What happens in the Initiation stage of Translation?
Ribosome attaches to 5' end of mRNA strand, and moves along until it hits the start codon. A tRNA molecule then brings the initiating Methioine amino acid.
39
What happens in the Elongation stage of Translation?
Next codons are read and relevant amino acids are bough to the ribosome. Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds via condensation polymerisation
40
What happens to the empty tRNA molecules after they've delivered their amino acid to the Ribosome?
Move back into the Cytoplasm to attach to another specific amino acid
41
What happens in the Termination stage of Translation?
Amino acids keep attaching until ribosome reaches stop codon, which is then released and folded to form a protein.
42
What is Gene Regulation?
Controls the expression of genes by switching them (induced) on and off (repressed)
43
What does induced mean?
Refers to a gene which has been 'switched on'
44
What does repressed mean?
Refers to a gene which has been 'switched off'
45
What is a Constitutive Gene?
Housekeeping gene which maintains basic cell processes and structures, and are continually transcribed
46
What is a Regulatory Gene?
Controls the expression of structural genes via transcription factors
47
What are transcription factors?
Proteins which bind close to the Promoter regions and control gene expression for transcription to begin. Can also bind to RNA polymerase to induce or repress specific genes
48
What is a Structural Gene?
Gene which codes for any protein or RNA that isn't involved in gene regulation. (basically everything which isn't a Regulatory Gene)
49
Name two examples of Structural Genes.
Enzymes Protein Channels Protein Components tRNA molecules
50
When does Gene Regulation occur in EUKARYOTIC cells?
During Transcription, mRNA processing, Translation
51
When does Gene Regulation occur in PROKARYOTIC cells?
During Transcription only
52
What is the lac operon?
Simple prokaryotic model of how transcription factors regulate gene expression
53
What does operon mean?
A unit of DNA under the regulation of a single promoter that codes for several proteins
54
'The lac operon is an inducible operon.' What does inducible mean?
Means that it can be switched on (induced) and off (repressed)
55
How many structural genes does the lac operon express?
3, all coding for different enzymes
56
How is the lac operon switched on (induced)?
With the presence of lactose
57
What 3 things make up the structure of the lac operon?
Promoter region Operator 3 Structural Genes
58
What gene is placed beside the lac operon and what does it do?
The lacI gene, and its function is to code for the lac repressor making sure it's always present
59
What happens when transcription factors bind to the operator on the lac operon?
Blocks the RNA polymerase form binding, meaning that the gene isn't transcribed into mRNA
60
What happens to the lac operon when lactose is present?
Repressor stops transcription factors binding to the operator causing the RNA polymerase to attach to the promoter and transcribe mRNA for the 3 enzymes.
61
What is the main function of the 3 enzymes produced?
To break down lactose into the monomer units glucose and galactose.

Biology 3&4 (14 decks)

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