U3AO2 Flashcards
Define learning
The process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or behaviours through experience
Define Classical conditioning
A form of learning that occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response.
Define Before conditioning
the first stage of classical conditioning, during which the neutral stimulus has no associations and therefore does not produce any significant
response
Define a neural stimulus
the stimulus that produces no significant response prior to conditioning
What is an unconditioned stimulus?
the stimulus that produces an unconscious response
What is an unconditioned response
a naturally occurring behaviour in response to a stimulus
What are the three stages of classical conditioning?
- Before conditioning
- During conditioning
- After conditioning
What can classical conditioning be?
A response can be involuntary (salivation), reflex action (blink) or an emotion (fear)
What is operant conditioning?
type of learning where the consequences of behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future
What is observational learning?
a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour
What do reinforcement functions do?
To make the behaviour stronger
What do punishment functions do?
To make the behaviour weaker
What are three factors that can affect reinforcement and punishment?
- Appropriateness of reinforce/punisher, muse align with chosen learning method
- Order of presentation, must occur after response
- Timing, needs to occur as close in time to the behaviour
What is the three-phase process of operant conditioning?
A learning process
What are the three phases in the three phase model?
- Antecedent
- Behaviour
- Consequence
What is the antecedent phase in the three phase model?
The stimulus or event that precedes and often elicits a particular behaviour
What is the behaviour phase in the three phase model?
The voluntary actions that occur in the presence of the antecedent
What is the consequence phase in the three phase model?
The outcome of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood that it will occur again
What are similarities between operant conditioning and observational learning?
The learning is active, and there are consequences associated with both
What are differences between operant conditioning and observational learning?
OC is learning through direct experience, whereas OL involves indirect experience.
What is story sharing?
Learning through narrative and story-sharing
What are learning maps?
Planning and visualising processes and knowledge
What is sensory memory?
A store of memory which briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
What is Short-term memory?
A store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of information that in consciously being attended to and actively manipulated
