U3AOS2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
changes in life expectancy
life expectancy over time show significant improvements have been made since 1900
- males expected to live 81.2 years in 2022 compared to 53.8 years in 1900
- females expectancy increased from 57.5 years in 1900 to 85.3 years in 2022
categories of diseases
Infectious diseases
- Generally passed from one person or animal to another through blood, bodily fluid, contaminated food, air or water
COMMUNICABLE AND/OR TRANSMITTABLE
→ include diseases such tuberculosis, polio, smallpox, hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections such as syphilis and HIV
Parasitic Diseases
worms, skin mites and body lice enter the body through contaminated food or water
COMMUNICABLE AND/OR TRANSMITTABLE
Cancer (neoplasms)
Cancer Mortality Rates increased in the 1900’s - peaking mid-1980 (overtaking communicable diseases)
- Result as in increase in lung cancer due to high rates of cigarette smoking in 1920’s
Reducing in 1970s, saw a reduction in deaths from cancer between 2000 and 2018
NON-COMMUNICABLE
Cardiovascular disease
- Since 1900, cardiovascular diseases (coronary heart disease, stroke) have been one of the major causes of death. Death rates increased reaching their peak in mid - 1960’s. Decline in death rates from cardiovascular diseases since then however still major death cause.
- stroke, heart attack, atherosclerosis
lifestyle diet
NON-COMMUNICABLE
Respiratory disease
Pneumonia and influenza were the major causes of death rates from respiratory diseases in 1907 by were replaced by deaths from COPD by 2000
- lifestyle behaviours: smoking, vaping, exposure to weather
COMMUNICABLE - covid 19, influenza
NON-COMMUNICABLE - pneumonia, asthma, COPD
Injury and Poisoning
- Death rates have halved for injury and poisonings in both male and female with the most rapid decline occurring from the 1970s
- Deaths of motor vehicle crashes were highest in 1970 before decreasing
- male rates were affected by war deaths. During WWI and WWII, many Aus men served overseas but deaths occurred were not included in Aus official mortality stats
Work related accidents have contributed to a significant proportion of accidently deaths since 1900.
injuries
motor vehicles, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls, complications in medical / surgical care
poisoning
dangerous working exposure to toxic chemicals, physical injury due to OHNS regulations
- asbestos
- chemical toxins
what impacted decline of motor injuries
Decline reflects the range of PUBLIC HEALTH actions introduced by the government, commencing with the introduction of compulsory seat belt wearing in 1970
public health
the ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease
‘old’ public health -
government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease,
such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions
3 models of health
old public health
biomedical model of health
new public health
old public health policies
improved water and sanitation
better quality housing
mass vaccination programs
improved food and nutrition
more hygienic birthing practices
quarantine laws
antenatal & infant welfare services
improved working conditions
public health campaigns
improved water and sanitation
provided with safe water
- infectious diseases were reduced
- improved infant and child mortality rates
- improved life expectancy
examples of biomedical model
PET scans
discovery of antibiotics to treat bacterial infections
discovery of x-ray machine
anti-hypertensive drugs
social model health principles
Addresses the broader determinants of health
