u4 addiction & trauma

Question 1

factors of addiction

Answer 1

Demographic, Social, Cognitive & emotional, Trauma, Genetic, Family

Question 2

What is the moral model of addiction?

Answer 2

Alcohol was regarded as safer than water; individuals are to blame for excess and should be punished.

Question 3

What does the 1st disease concept of addiction propose?

Answer 3

The substance is the problem and should be banned; individuals should be helped rather than blamed.

Question 4

What is the focus of the 2nd disease concept of addiction?

Answer 4

The individual has the problem; the substance can be legalized, and treatment should occur without incorporating relapse.

Question 5

What does social learning theory suggest about addiction?

Answer 5

Behavior is learned and can be unlearned; individuals should be helped through total abstinence or relearning ‘normal’ behavior.

Question 6

Define classical conditioning.

Answer 6

A behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus.

Question 7

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 7

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.

Question 8

What does CRAFT stand for in addiction therapy?

Answer 8

Community Reinforcement and Family Training.

Question 9

What is the aim of cognitive learning theory?

Answer 9

The ability of the brain’s mental processes to absorb and retain information through experiences, senses, and thought.

Question 10

What does PRIME theory propose?

Answer 10

Human responses are governed by competing impulses and inhibitions, with addiction caused by abnormalities in these sections.

Question 11

What is the difference between craving and liking according to incentive sensitization theory?

Answer 11

Craving is different from liking; the brain reward systems can be sensitized to drug-related cues.

Question 12

List the stages of substance abuse.

Answer 12

• Initiation * Maintenance * Cessation * Relapse

Question 13

What are the levels of involvement identified in the AFM framework?

Answer 13

• Non-involvement * Irregular * Regular * Harmful * Dependent * Transitional abstinence * Stabilized abstinence

Question 14

What are the stages of progression in addiction?

Answer 14

• Experimentation * Regular use * Daily preoccupation * Dependency

Question 15

What are the stages of change in addiction?

Answer 15

• Pre-contemplation * Contemplation * Preparation * Action * Maintenance * Relapse

Question 16

True or False: The brain’s reward pathway is solely responsible for physical survival.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

What is the role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)?

Answer 17

Origin of dopamine neurons, sends dopamine signals to the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.

Question 18

What does the nucleus accumbens (NAc) do?

Answer 18

Responsible for processing rewards and motivating behaviors that elicit pleasure.

Question 19

What function does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) serve?

Answer 19

Governs decision-making, impulse control, and planning.

Question 20

How does addiction alter the brain?

Answer 20

• Downregulation of dopamine receptors * Prioritization of addictive behaviors * Impairment of the PFC

Question 21

What is cognitive behavioral theory (CBT)?

Answer 21

A psychological treatment aimed at changing thinking and behavioral patterns.

Question 22

What does dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) focus on?

Answer 22

Striking a balance between acceptance of reality and the benefits of change.

Question 23

What is the aim of compassionate inquiry?

Answer 23

Uncovering emotional, psychological, and trauma-related causes behind behaviors.

Question 24

What does somatic experiencing address?

Answer 24

Treating trauma using a bottom-up approach to release stored survival energy in the body.

Question 25

What is the focus of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)?

Answer 25

Changing behavior associated with trauma through bilateral stimulation.

Question 26

What does Paul Hayes suggest about individuals who struggle with life?

Answer 26

They are the ones that will become addicts, while drug users are often intelligent and resourceful.

Question 27

Define trauma.

Answer 27

Deeply distressing experiences that result in long-lasting emotional effects.

Question 28

What is acute trauma?

Answer 28

A one-time effect such as an earthquake or assault.

Question 29

What is chronic trauma?

Answer 29

Repeated and prolonged traumatic experiences, such as ongoing exposure to family violence.

Question 30

What is complex trauma?

Answer 30

Exposure to multiple traumatic events from an early age, often within the caregiving system.

Question 31

What is historical trauma?

Answer 31

Cumulative trauma experienced by a group across generations.

Question 32

List the risk factors for addiction.

Answer 32

* Individual: physical abuse, poor self-concept * Family: weak attachment to parents * Peers: friends with favorable attitudes towards substance use * School: lack of commitment to education

Question 33

What characteristics foster resilience?

Answer 33

* Insightfulness * Independence * Confidence * Optimism * Flexibility * Creativity * Humour * Spirituality * Connectedness * Perseverance * Self-motivation

Question 34

What is nutritional psychiatry?

Answer 34

Using food and food supplements as alternative treatments for mental health disorders.

Question 35

Define nutrient density.

Answer 35

The amount of nutrients for the calories consumed.

Question 36

List the five recommended food categories according to Dr. Drew.

Answer 36

* Seafood * Green vegetables * Nuts * Beans * Dark chocolate

Question 37

What is brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)?

Answer 37

A factor that helps build better brain cells out of nutrient-dense food.

Question 38

What is the microbiome?

Answer 38

Bacteria in the gut that can influence mental health.

Question 39

What are the benefits of a good diet?

Answer 39

* Good skin * Balanced gut * Better focus and concentration * Lower depression * Increased energy

Question 40

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

Answer 40

* Fibre * Greens

Question 41

What are the two types of proteins?

Answer 41

* Complete (animal) * Incomplete (plants)

Question 42

What are the types of fats?

Answer 42

Various types of fatty acids that enable hormone production.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: At each meal balance with protein the size of _______.

Answer 43

palm

Question 44

What is the paleo diet?

Answer 44

Avoids processed foods and added sugars, based on early human diets.

Question 45

What is the keto diet?

Answer 45

Low carb, high fat diet aimed at weight loss and heart health.

Question 46

What is the vegan diet?

Answer 46

Avoids animal products for environmental and ethical reasons.

Question 47

What does the carnivore diet consist of?

Answer 47

Only animal products; lacks sufficient fiber and carbs.

Question 48

What is the Mediterranean diet?

Answer 48

Plant-based foods and healthy fats that lower cardiovascular disease risks.

Question 49

What is intermittent fasting?

Answer 49

Eating twice a day without snacks.

Question 50

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

Answer 50

Regulates the brain’s pineal gland and melatonin production in response to light.

Question 51

Define sleep.

Answer 51

A periodic, natural loss of consciousness.

Question 52

What is circadian rhythm?

Answer 52

The body's 24-hour cycle governing sleep-wake patterns.

Question 53

What is NREM sleep?

Answer 53

Non-rapid eye movement sleep encompassing all sleep stages.

Question 54

What occurs during REM sleep?

Answer 54

Vivid dreams, increased heart rate, genitals arousal, and muscle paralysis.

Question 55

What happens during slow-wave sleep?

Answer 55

Characterized by slow delta waves and difficulty in awakening.

Question 56

What triggers cortisol levels to rise?

Answer 56

Awakening from sleep.