U4 AOS1 Health & wellbeing in a global context (3) Flashcards
(35 cards)
Antenatal care
Care given to a pregnant woman before birth or during the prenatal period.
Affect of religious descrimination
Religious discrimination can lead to increased rates of stress, anxiety, substance abuse and violence due to a limited access to education and healthcare, arrest or even death that results from their religious beliefs.
Affect of sexual orientation and gender identity descrimination
Rates of poverty, homelessness, joblessness, food insecurity, depression and suicide have been found to be far higher among LGBTIQ people than the rest of the population. Between half and two-thirds of LGBTIQ youth experience bullying during childhood, resulting in them skipping or dropping out of school. Experiences of bullying, violence, isolation and rejection all contribute to significantly reduced mental health and wellbeing and increase mortality due to suicide and self-harm.
Inequality
Unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within a group or society.
How is poverty measured?
This can be measured by the proportion of the population living on less than US$1.90 per day, by those living beneath 50 per cent of the countries GNI or by the proportion of the population living below a poverty line set by the government of that county.
Extreme weather event
Extreme weather event: A weather related natural disaster such as a drought, flood, or cyclone excluding tsunamis and earthquakes that are not classified as weather events.
Global marketing
Advertising and selling of goods and services across the world.
Stagnant water
Water that sits in a place without having any area to drain in a timely manner.
Salinisation of water supply
The accumulation of salt in land and water that damages the natural and built environment.
Climate change
The change in weather patterns due to increased carbon dioxide emissions. Climate change often results in extremes in weather, rising sea levels and natural disasters.
High income countries and tobacco
Many high-income countries have banned tobacco advertising on billboards, radio and television and they have stopped cigarettes from appearing as products and films and legalized the age at which a person can purchase tobacco products.
Low-and-middle income countries and tobacco
Low-and middle-income countries are easy to target because the governments often do not have or enforce laws to govern or regulate the sale of tobacco as the government often earn money from the sale of tobacco; Cigarettes are the only ingested substance not governed by laws on content in low- and middle-income countries which means tobacco companies can add ammonia to cigarettes to help the nicotine reach the brain faster.
Describe the effect of tobacco use
When money is spent on tobacco less money is spent on food leading to undernutrition, the wood needed to cure the tobacco is leading to deforestation and the land corporations are using to grow tobacco in low- and middle-income countries is depleting the soil of nutrients and occupying land that could be used to grow food.
Health promotion and tobacco
High-income country governments allocate some of the revenue gained from tobacco taxes to health promotion as means of discouraging people from taking up smoking; Low- and middle-income countries do not have health promotion organizations to advocate against or educate people about the risk of tobacco smoking because they lack appropriate regulations and have little funding available for public initiatives.
Low-and-middle income countries and alcohol
The sale of alcohol creates employment and generates income and tax for governments therefore public health measures to reduce harmful use of alcohol are sometimes judged to be in conflict with other goals such as consumer choice and can be seen as harmful to the economy.
Describe the effect of alcohol use
Alcohol limits the amount of money available due purchase life sustaining resources such as food, healthcare, and safe water; Consumption of alcohol is far beyond the physical health and well-being of the drinker because an intoxicated person can harm others.
Low-and-middle income countries and processed foods
Children in low- and middle-income countries are more vulnerable to inadequate nutrition as they are exposed to foods that are energy dense high in trans fats saturated fats sugar salt and energy and are low in fiber and micronutrients.
High-income countries and processed foods
High income countries have seen a significant increase in adult and childhood obesity where one and four children are either overweight or obese.
Describe the effect of rising sea levels
More than 50% of the world lives within 60 kilometers of the sea therefore with rising sea levels people are being forced to leave their homes, land for crop and livestock production is lost, salinisation of water supply occurs which reduces the availability of safe drinking water and food supply because many crops cannot grow due to poor quality of the water.
Rising sea levels
An increase in greenhouse gases has caused the world to warm by almost 1 degree Celsius and is predicted to continue up to another 4 degrees Celsius resulting in oceans becoming warmer, expanding and taking up more area due to glaciers melting producing more water and consequently sea levels rising.
Floods
Floodwater contaminates freshwater supply, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases such as diarrhea. Stagnant water creates the ideal breeding conditions for disease carrying insects such as mosquitoes increasing the risk of malaria.
Extreme heat conditions
Associated with increased obesity levels due to reduced physical activity and a reduction in affordable fruit and vegetables leading to increased consumption of processed, energy dense foods. Air pollutants a higher in extreme heat which can trigger asthma and exacerbate cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Ongoing temperature increases will lead to an increase in infectious diseases from mosquitoes such as dengue as insects thrive in warm humid conditions. Heat waves reduce the body’s natural ability to effectively control its internal temperature contributing to heat stress.
Changing rainfall patterns
Variable rain patterns impact the supply of freshwater, impact food production and diversity in crops with water scarcity leading to drought and famine. This can increase the rate of malnutrition particularly in low- and middle-income countries. As water scarcity increases people may need to purchase water reducing income for any other resource.
Conflict
A clash between individuals arising out of a difference in thought process, attitudes, understanding, interests, requirements, and even sometimes perceptions. A conflict results in heated arguments, physical abuses and indefinite loss of peace and harmony.
