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VCE Psychology 3/4 > U4A1 sleep > Flashcards

U4A1 sleep Flashcards

1
Q

what is a psychological construct?

A

concept or model that is ‘constructed’ to describe a specific psychological activity.

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2
Q

define consciousness.

A

a psychological construct that is the level of awareness an individual has over their thoughts, feelings, perceptions and existence.

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3
Q

what are the two types of consciousness?

A

normal waking consciousness (NWC)
altered state of consciousness (ASC)

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4
Q

name some examples of an altered state of consciousness.

A

coma, sleep, anaesthetised, drowsy, daydreaming, meditation, alcohol induced.

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5
Q

what is sleep?

A

sleep is a psychological construct. it is a naturally occurring ASC that involves a loss of awareness and a disengagement with internal and external stimuli.

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6
Q

name some characteristics of REM sleep.

A
  • rapid movement of eye muscles
  • highly active brain, less active body
  • most muscle movement not possible
  • light stage of sleep
  • vivid dreaming can occur
  • stage increases as the sleep episode goes on
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7
Q

name some characteristics of NREM sleep.

A
  • lack of rapid movement of eye muscles
  • muscle movement is more possible
  • dreams can occur, but usually not vivid
  • often can’t recall dreams when woken here
  • stage decreases as the sleep episode goes on
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8
Q

name and describe the three stages of NREM sleep.

A

NREM stage 1 – light sleep, easily woken, can hear faint sounds, less awareness of themselves and surroundings.
NREM stage 2 – truly asleep, still relatively light sleep, most sleep spent in this stage
NREM stage 3 – deep sleep, difficulty waking, most likely to experience sleeping walking/talking

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9
Q

describe the relationship between sleep cycles and sleep episodes.

A

a sleep episode is the full duration of sleep time, made up of multiple sleep cycles, which are 90-minute periods made up of REM and NREM which repeat.

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10
Q

what does EEG do?

A

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity in the brain through brainwaves.

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11
Q

what does EMG do?

A

detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the body’s muscles.

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12
Q

what does EOG do?

A

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of eye muscle movement.

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13
Q

what do EEG brainwaves look like in REM?

A

high frequency and low amplitude.

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14
Q

what do EEG brainwaves look like in NREM1?

A

high frequency and low amplitude.

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15
Q

what do EEG brainwaves look like in NREM2?

A

medium frequency and medium amplitude.

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16
Q

what do EEG brainwaves look like in NREM3?

A

low frequency and high amplitude.

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17
Q

how is REM and NREM sleep displayed through EMG?

A

REM: low EMG activity
NREM: medium EMG activity

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18
Q

how is REM and NREM sleep displayed through EOG?

A

REM: high EOG activity
NREM: low EOG activity

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19
Q

what are sleep diaries?

A

records with self-reported descriptions from an individual about their sleeping periods, as well as judgements about the nature and quality of their sleep.

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20
Q

what is video monitoring?

A

use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual sleeping.

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21
Q

what is a biological rhythm?

A

repeated biological processes regulated by internal mechanisms eg. circadian rhythm, ultradian rhythm.

22
Q

what is a circadian rhythm?

A

biological + behavioural changes that occur as part of a 24 hour lasting cycle, eg. the sleep-wake cycle.

23
Q

what is an ultradian rhythm?

A

biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle lasting less than 24 hours, eg. a sleep cycle

24
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

A
  • part of the hypothalamus
  • regulates an individual’s sleep-wake patterns
  • receives info from both external and internal cues
25
Q

how does the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulate the sleep-wake cycle at night?

A
  1. SCN receives internal and external cues
  2. SCN sends neural messages to pineal glands to produce melatonin
  3. pineal glands release melatonin into bloodstream, promoting relaxation
26
Q

what is the role of cortisol in the sleep-wake cycle?

A

increases alertness and maintains heightened arousal. therefore it is released in the morning to promote wakefulness.

27
Q

what is the sleep duration and REM percentage for individuals in the neonatal/infancy period?

A

sleep duration: 12-17h
50% REM, 50% NREM for neonatal
35% REM, 65% NREM for infancy
higher REM due to rapid brain development

28
Q

what is the sleep duration and REM percentage for individuals in childhood?

A

sleep duration: 11h
20% REM, 80% NREM
REM reduces as brain development pace steadies

29
Q

what is the sleep duration and REM percentage for individuals in adolescence?

A

sleep duration: 9h
20% REM, 80% NREM
may experience biological delayed sleep onset by 1-2h
sleep patterns change due to social factors

30
Q

what is the sleep duration and REM percentage for individuals in adulthood and old age?

A

sleep duration: 6-8h
20% REM, 80% NREM
low levels of sleep may cause ill-health + sleeping disorders

31
Q

what is partial sleep deprivation?

A

poor quality/quantity of sleep within a 24h period

32
Q

what is full sleep deprivation?

A

no sleep within a 24h period

33
Q

what are some affective effects of sleep deprivation?

A

changes in emotions + emotional responses from sleep deprivation. eg:
- poor emotional regulation
- irritability and moodiness
- increase in negative emotions
- reduced ability to cope with stress

34
Q

what are some behavioural effects of sleep deprivation?

A

changes in actions and ability to control them. eg:
- excessive sleepiness during the day
- increased likelihood of engaging in risk-taking behaviour
- fatigue/lack of energy
- slowed reaction time

35
Q

what are some cognitive effects of sleep deprivation?

A

changes in mental processes from sleep deprivation. eg:
- reduced concentration
- impairment of short-term memory
- diminished ability to perform cognitive tasks
- lapses in attention
- impaired decision-making processes
- impaired problem-solving skills

36
Q

what is BAC?

A

BAC or blood alcohol concentration is a measure of how much alcohol is in a person’s bloodstream. alcohol slows down the nervous system and decreases alertness.

37
Q

summarise the dawson + reid study on sleep deprivation and BAC.

A

participants were required to complete cognitive-motor tasks either sleep deprived or after alcohol consumption.
it was found that a BAC of 0.05 is roughly equivalent to 17h sleep deprivation.
a BAC of 0.10 was found to be roughly equivalent to 24h of sleep deprivation.

38
Q

what are sleep disorders?

A

disturbances to typical sleeping and waking patterns.

39
Q

what are circadian rhythm sleep disorders?

A

sleep disorders that interfere with the typical regulation of sleep, causing a change in sleep-wake cycles.

40
Q

explain delayed sleep phase syndrome.

A
  • DSPS is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder where sleeping and waking occurs later than usual
  • caused by misalignment between external and internal cues that regulate the circadian rhythm.
  • common in adolescence due to biological and social factors.
41
Q

explain advanced sleep phase disorder.

A
  • ASPD is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder in which sleeping and waking occur earlier than usual.
  • caused by misalignment between external internal cues that regulate the circadian rhythm
  • more common in older people.
42
Q

how can shift work impact the sleep-wake cycle?

A
  • impacts sleep-wake cycle as their circadian rhythm is constantly changing and adapting to their environment.
  • can lead to difficulty initiating sleep and waking
  • effects of shift work include insomnia, fragmented sleep, DSPS or ASPD.
43
Q

explain how bright light therapy works.

A
  • used to adjust a person’s circadian rhythm through exposure to high intensity light source.
    1. individual exposed to light source
    2. SCN receives as external cue, regulating sleep-wake cycle
    3. this readjusts circadian rhythm and ensures sleep and wake occurs at desired time.
44
Q

how would bright light therapy work for someone with delayed sleep phase syndrome?

A

exposed to bright light in the morning, acting as an external cue

45
Q

how would bright light therapy work for someone with advanced sleep phase disorder?

A

exposed to bright light in the evening acting as an external cue

46
Q

define sleep hygiene

A

practises + habits that promote an individual’s sleep patterns.
eg. time, sound, light, comfort, technology, exercise, etc

47
Q

define zeitgeber

A

external cues from the environment that influence the circadian rhythm.

48
Q

explain how light is a zeitgeber.

A
  • natural light (daylight) is natural blue light that stops melatonin production and promotes wakefulness.
  • artificial blue light (technology) acts as an external cue promoting wakefulness.
49
Q

explain how temperature is a zeitgeber.

A
  • degree of external heat in the environment that can influence the quality and quantity of sleep.
  • research suggests 18.3 degrees Celcius is an ideal room temperature.
50
Q

explain how diet is a zeitgeber.

A
  • some foods and drinks can impact quality and quantity of sleep
  • drinks such as caffeine or alcohol
  • foods such as spicy foods, or foods high in sugar/fat.

VCE Psychology 3/4 (6 decks)

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