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A&P 1 > U7 Skeletal > Flashcards

U7 Skeletal Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

What is the purpose of the skeletal system?

A
  1. support framework for the body
  2. protection of vital organs
  3. body movements via joints
  4. hematopoiesis
  5. mineral reservoir for calcium & phosphorus
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1
Q

Axial skeleton consists of…

A
  1. Head
  2. Vertebral column
  3. bony thorax
  4. misc.
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2
Q

the head includes…

A
  1. skull (8)
  2. facial bones (14)
  3. ossicles (16)
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3
Q

the vertebral column includes…

A
  1. cervical (7)
  2. Thoracic (12)
  3. lumbar (5)
  4. sacrum (1 fused)
  5. coccyx (1 fused)
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4
Q

the bony thorax includes…

A
  1. sternum (1)
  2. Ribs (24)
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5
Q

axial skeleton misc.

A
  1. hyoid bone
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6
Q

appendicular skeleton consists of…

A
  1. upper extremities
  2. lower extremities
  3. pelvis
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7
Q

the upper extremities include..

A
  1. phalanges (28)
  2. metacarpals (10)
  3. carpals (16)
  4. radius & ulna (4)
  5. humerus (2)
  6. scapula (2)
  7. clavicle (2)
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8
Q

the lower extremities include..

A
  1. phalanges (28)
  2. metatarsals (10)
  3. tarsals (14)
  4. tibia & fibula (4)
  5. femur (2)
  6. patella (2)
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9
Q

the pelvis includes

A
  1. ilium
  2. ischium
  3. pubis
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10
Q

skull bones

A

8

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11
Q

facial bones

A

14

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12
Q

ossicles

A

6

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13
Q

cervial vertebrae

A

7

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14
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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15
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

5

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16
Q

sacrum

A

1 fused

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17
Q

coccyx

A

1 fused

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18
Q

sternum

A

1

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19
Q

ribs

A

24 (12 ea.)

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20
Q

hyoid bone

A

1

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21
Q

phalanges

A

28

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22
Q

metacarpals

A

10

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23
Q

carpals

A

16

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24
radius & ulna
4
25
humerus
2
26
scapula
2
27
clavicle
2
28
metatarsals
10
29
tarsals
14
30
tibia & fibula
4
31
femur
2
32
patella
2
33
ilium
1 fused
34
ischium
1 fused
35
pubis
1 fused
36
long bones
1. humerus 2. radius 3. ulna 4. metacarpals 5. phalanges 6. femur 7. tibia 8. fibula 9. metatarsals
37
short bones
1. carpals 2. tarsals
38
flat bones
1. ribs 2. sternum 3. scapula 4. clavicles 5. skull cap
39
irregular bones
1. vertebra 2. facial bones 3. skull bones
40
sesamoid bones
1. patella 2. foot
41
condyle
round projection that forms an articular surface
42
head
-round projection that extends from a constricted neck - forms an articular surface
43
trochanter
very large projection for tendon attachment
44
tuberosity
medium sized projection for tendon attachment
45
tubercle
small projection for tendon attachment
46
spine
sharp projection (ilium, post. scap)
47
Crest
ridge or edge running the length of a bone
48
Foramen
round opening in bone for blood vessels & nerves
49
fissures
narrow but deep slit-like opening
50
meatus
opening into a canal
51
fossa
furrow or hollow area (like a cup)
52
sulcus
groove
53
sinus
air-filled cavity in bones
54
Periosteum
-thin but dense outer bone covering - not present @ articulating surfaces of long bone
55
Cortical bone
- "compact) - thick, dense layer under periosteum - provides strength & support
56
cancellous bone
- Trabecular or spongy - very porous at the end of long bones and in flat bones - contains red bone marrow
57
trabeculae
-evident at ends on long bones - web-like structure of cancellous bone only
58
endosteum
- inner most lining - only in diaphysis - trabecular membrane that lines the medullary cavity
59
medullary cavity
- central shaft of bones - contains yellow bone marrow
60
Articular cartilage
-cartilage that covers the articular surface in long bones -provides a cushion
61
yellow bone marrow
-in shaft of long bones -fat reservoir in the medullary cavities -not essential for life
62
red bone marrow
- found in spongy part of long & flat bones - red blood cells are produced -essential for life
63
diaphysis
- shaft of long bones - primary ossification center - first portion of bone to develop
64
epiphysis
-ends of long bones - secondary ossification center - develops later in childhood
65
epiphyseal plate
-"growth plate" -between diaphysis and epiphysis - slowly narrows as bones mature - last part to turn into bone
66
metaphysis
-wider portion of long bone -where diaphysis transitions to epiphyseal plate
67
osteons
-rings of microscopic bone -consisting of bone cells and protein fibers (collagen) -gives cortical bone strength & rigidity
68
Haversian canal
-center of each osteon -where blood vessels are found to deliver nutrients to bone tissue
69
osteocytes
-star-shaped bone cells - bound together by collagen -more densely packed in compact bone than in spongy
70
osteoclasts
-specialized bone cells -dissolve osteocytes and collagen
71
osteoblasts
-become osteocytes during bone repair/growth -"build" bone -located in the periosteum & endosteum -migrate to osteon to create new bone
72
ossification
-process of bone forming from cartilage -two types: intramembranous endochondral
73
intramembranous ossification
process of bone replacing cartilage in flat bones
74
endochondral ossification
process of bone replacing cartilage @ the epiphyseal plate of long bones
75
where does skeletal growth begin?
diaphysis
76
where does post partum growth occur
center of diaphysis toward the epiphysis
77
When does the epiphyseal plate appear in radiographs?
up until adulthood
78
how do bones grow?
from the inside out
79
when is skeletal growth complete?
between 18 and 21 years
80
when is post-puberty bone formation done?
during remodeling and repair
81
bone remodeling
normal process of bone recycling itself
82
Osteoporosis
-there is less bone mass/lose rigidity -osteoblasts are not properly rebuilding bone
83
Osteropetrosis
-too much bone mass - overly dense -osteoclasts are not properly resorbing bone
84
what is a DEXA scan?
bone density test
85
DEXA
Dual Energy X-ray Absorption
86
Stages of bone repair
1. Swelling 2. bridging 3. hardening 4. shaping
87
Inflammatory stage
-fractured bone -> torn blood vessels -torn vessels -> swelling -chemicals are released to kill pathogens -phagocytes move in to destroy dead cells & pathogens -week 0-1
88
Soft callus stage
-soft-bridge is formed -osteoblasts migrate to fracture to begin developing fibrous cartilage -fibroblasts move in to create collagen fibers to bind cartilage cells together -week 1-2
89
Hard callus stage
-fibrous cartilage -> cancellous bone -cancellous bone -> compact bone - compact bone takes longer to form due to its density -bone is structurally sound -callus has formed -week 4-5
90
remodeling stage
-osteoclasts begin dissolving the callus to create original bone shape -fx. site will be slightly thicker from additional osetocytes -may take years depending on severity, age, etc. -week 6 -years

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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