Timing of collection:
Unspecified, can be collected at any time, most common screening purposes, can sometimes give and inaccurate view of a patients health.
Random
Timing of collection:
First voided the urine is generally more concentrated, contains relatively higher levels of cellular elements or proteins.
(8Hour specimen)
First morning
Timing of collection:
Voided after 8 hours of fasting
Fasting second
Timing of Collection:
Is before a meal, and to collect
a specimen 2 hours after eating
Postprandial- first-voided
Timing of collection:
(a.k.a.24 hour collection) is collection of urine
measures creatinine, urine urea nitrogen, glucose, sodium, potassium
Timed
Timing of collection:
Is the preferred type of
specimen for bacteria culture and sensitivity testing because of the reduced incidence of cellular and microbial contamination
Midstream clean catch urine
Timing of collection:
When urine stands at room temperature for a long time, what happens?
Casts and red cells undergo lysis, and the urine becomes alkalinized with precipitation of salts
What are the chemicals used to preserve urine?
- Boric acid (the most common) •Chloroform
- Formalin
- Thymole
- Toluene
- Preservative tablet
What is included in the physical examination of urine?
- Appearance (color, transparency, foams, odor)
- Specific gravity
- Volume
Urine color:
Pigment that gives urine it’s characteristic yellow color.
Urochrome (urobilin)
Urine color:
Substance that contributes some pink or reddish color to urine
Uroerythrin
What else contributes to urine color?
Foods
Medication
Disease
Concentration of solutes
Abnormal urine color:
Milky body fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats or free fatty acids.
Chyle (pathologic)
Abnormal urine color:
White color urine, pathologic appearance due to?
Chyle
Lipids
Pyuria (many WBCs)
Abnormal urine color:
White color urine, non-pathologic appearance do to?
Phosphates
Vaginal creams
Abnormal urine color:
Yellow to amber orange urine, pathologic appearance due to?
Liver dysfunction (excessive urobilin or bilirubin)
Chemotherapeutic drugs
Abnormal urine color:
Yellow to amber to orange, non-pathologic appearance due?
Carrots (beta carotene)
Concentrated urine (dehydration)
Food color
Vitamin B complex or C
Abnormal urine color:
Yellow to green urine, pathologic appearance due to?
Biliverdin
Bilirubin
Abnormal urine color:
Yellow to green urine, non-pathologic appearance due to?
Asparagus
Abnormal urine color:
Pink to red urine, pathologic appearance due to?
RBC
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Porphyrin
Abnormal urine color:
Pink to red urine, non-pathological appearance due to?
Beets (anthocyanin)
Food color
Abnormal urine color:
Red to purple urine, pathologic appearance due to?
Porphyrin
No non-pathological reasons
Abnormal urine color:
Red to brown urine, pathologic appearance due to ?
Methemoglobin
Myoglobin
(No non-Pathologic reasons)
Abnormal urine color:
Brown to black urine, pathologic appearance due to?
Bilirubin
Methemoglobin
Myoglobin
Melanin
Homogentistic acid (Alkapton)
Abnormal urine color:
Brown to black urine, non pathologic appearance due to ?
Iron compounds
Favs beans
Aloe
Abnormal urine color:
Blue to green urine , pathologic appearance due to ?
Biliverdin
Pseudomonas infection
Abnormal urine color:
Blue to green urine, non-pathologic appearance due to ?
Vitamin B12
Thymole
Diuretic therapy (blue urine color)
Urine is usually clear. Cloudy appearance may be due to amorphous crystals.
Amorphous phosphates precipitate=
White color
Urine is usually clear. Cloudy appearance may be due to amorphous crystals.
Amorphous rate precipitate =
A pink color
Urine clarity:
Cloudy
Contains salts/crystals
Urine clarity: Hazy
Contain mucus
Urine clarity: Smoky
Contains RBC
Urine Clarity: Turbid
Contains leukocytes, bacteria, pus, proteins, epithelial cells
Urine clarity: Milky
Contain fat or chyle
Urine clarity:
Clear, pathologic appearance
Very dilute
Polyuria
Urine clarity:
Clear, non-pathologic appearance
Over-hydrated
Urine clarity:
Hazy to cloudy to turbid, pathologic appearance
Varying degrees of casts
Cells
Crystals & calculi
Fat(lipid/chyle)
Microorganisms
Fecal contamination
Urine clarity:
Hazy to cloudy to turbid non-pathologic appearance
Creams, lotions
Crystals
Mucus
Radiographic dyes
Powders
Fecal contamination
Foamy urine Pathologic etiology
Significant amounts of protein
UTI
Fistula from colon to bladder
Foamy urine, non-pathologic etiology
Rapid urination
Foam increased with urine concentration
Toilet cleaner
Odor of urine: Odor 1. Sweet/fruity 2.Pungent 3. Maple syrup 4. Musty or mousy odor of infant urine 5. Rancid butter or fishy 6. Stronger ammonia
Odor Cause
- Ketones
- Bacteria
- Amino acids
- Phenylketonuria
- Hypermethioninemia
- Dehydration
Urine concentration tests:
- Ratio of the weight of a volume of urine to the weight of
the same volume of distilled water at a constant temperature.
• Used to measure the concentrating and diluting ability of the kidney
• Concentrating ability is one of the first functions to be lost
as a result of tubular damage.
• Normal range is 1.003–1.035
Urine Specific gravity