Ugh

Question 1

Corrected Leukocyte count

Answer 1

When you see nRBC

=total WBC count from machinex (100/100+nRBC)

Question 2

Causes of large platelets

Answer 2

Cavalier, response to thrombocytopenia

Question 3

Ghost cells sign of

Answer 3

Intravascular hemolysis

Question 4

Heinz Bodies causes

Answer 4

Garlic, onion, acetaminophen

Question 5

New Methylene Blue stain in cats

Answer 5

Helps show Heinz bodies and aggregate reticulocytes

Question 6

Pappenheimer bodies

Answer 6

Iron inclusions

Question 7

Acanthocyte causes

Answer 7

Hemangiosarcoma, liver disease, fragment anemia

Question 8

Lymphocytosis in blood smear causes

Answer 8

lymphoid neoplasia, Ehrlichia

Question 9

Pelger- Huet

Answer 9

hyposegmented neuts with eosinophilic like staining.

Question 10

Epithelial cell characteristics

Answer 10

High N:C ratio, polygonal shape, stuck together

Question 11

Cryptococcus

Answer 11

cat- nasal discharge, star burst

Question 12

Histiocytoma looks like

Answer 12

Fried egg appearance round cell

Question 13

SCC appearance

Answer 13

glassy blue mesenchymal

Question 14

Calcium carbonate

Answer 14

yellow/brown radiating outwards. Horses

Question 15

Ammonium biurate

Answer 15

yellow/brown with spindles. Dog.

Question 16

Candida

Answer 16

Most common fungal organism in urine

Question 17

Erythrocytosis types

Answer 17

Relative vs absolute
Relative- dehydrated
Absolute- hypoxia, increased erythropoiten

Question 18

BUN affected by

Answer 18

Kidney or ammonia cycle with the liver.

Question 19

Hypochloremia

Answer 19

Upper GI obstruction

Question 20

Hypokalemia

Answer 20

Cow: Dietary decrease or metabolic alkalosis (switches with protons)

Question 21

Proportional Na and Cl

Answer 21

Mid point of Na reference interval/ Na number= R
Rx Cl number= X
Must be in range of Cl reference to be proportional?
If in range, changes are due to maintaining electroneutrality.

Question 22

Isosthenuria

Answer 22

1.008-1.012

Question 23

Max concentrations

Answer 23

Cat- 1.045
Dog- 1.030
Cow- 1.025

Question 24

Alkalosis + hypoCa

Answer 24

Albumin is negatively charged. When there is less acid to bind to albumin, Ca will bind instead.

Question 25

Serum osmolality contributors/ why do we measure

Answer 25

Sodium, glucose, BUN | We measure because DKA and ethylene glycol can cause an increase

Question 26

Paradoxic aciduria path

Answer 26

GI obstruction causes metabolic alkalosis- something about urinating K to maintain sodium/water, but there is none so you pump out H+ instead= acidotic urine

Question 27

Hypovolemia

Answer 27

Due to GI obstruction- RAAS- increase Sodium retention/ water and decrease K

Question 28

Fibrinogen

Answer 28

positive acute phase protein- inflammation

Question 29

Toxicity

Answer 29

Neutrophils, changes to cytoplasm. Sent out too soon.

Question 30

Causes of sepsis in calves

Answer 30

umbilicus, joint, pneumonia, GI

Question 31

CK affected by

Answer 31

leakage enzyme, muscle damage

Question 32

When worried about soft tissue mineralization

Answer 32

KxP of >70. Okay in infants

Question 33

HyperMg

Answer 33

Dehydration

Question 34

Increase GGT calf

Answer 34

Should be greater than 200 due to colostrum. (TP should be greater than 5) Horse colostrum has low GGT

Question 35

Anion gap reference range

Answer 35

10-20, what is going on with our unmeasured values?

Question 36

Anion gap

Answer 36

(Na+K)- (Cl+ bicarb) so cations- anions

Question 37

Anion gap unmeasured values

Answer 37

Cation: Mg, Ca, globulin Anions: Albumin and SKULE (salicylate?, ketones, uremic acids, lactate, ethylene glycol)

Question 38

AG: secretional vs Titrational acidosis

Answer 38

Secretional: losing bicarb though diarrhea, but increase in Cl to maintain AG Titrational: Increase in unmeasured values to cause an increase in AG, but lose bircarb to try to maintain

Question 39

DIC signs

Answer 39

Thrombocytopenia, low fibrinogen

Question 40

hypercholestrolemia

Answer 40

Familial, cushing, DM, hypothyroid, nephrotic syndrome

Question 41

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 41

severe hypercholestrolemia, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema/effusion

Question 42

albumin, when see edema?

Answer 42

<2 maybe <1 yes