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UK challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

How does increased population affect food production in the UK?

A

It increases demand, leading to more agribusiness, which may reduce natural habitats and destroy hedgerows.

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2
Q

What is the impact of housing demand on UK ecosystems?

A

It puts pressure on local governments to release greenfield sites, destroying open spaces and causing surface runoff and erosion.

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3
Q

Why is building on floodplains a problem?

A

It increases the likelihood of flooding and surface runoff.

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4
Q

How does population growth affect water systems?

A

It increases water demand, causing strain on water systems and treatment, leading to further damage.

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5
Q

How does population growth increase greenhouse gas emissions?

A

Through higher use of fossil fuels, causing climate change unless sustainable energy is used.

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6
Q

Why build on brownfield sites instead of greenfield sites?

A

To protect green spaces for farming and habitats while using land that has already been built on.

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7
Q

How can education help address ecosystem issues?

A

By improving conservation and reducing energy demands in homes and businesses.

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8
Q

What are two ways to manage water use?

A

Find new water sources and reduce water wastage.

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9
Q

What is the Congestion Charge in London?

A

A fee charged to vehicles driving in central London to reduce traffic, cut pollution, and encourage public transport use.
It lowers traffic levels, improves air quality, and reduces carbon emissions by discouraging car use.

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10
Q

What are Santander Bikes?

A

A public bike-sharing scheme in London that allows people to rent bikes for short journeys around the city. They reduce car journeys, lower emissions, and promote healthy, active travel.

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11
Q

What is Crossrail (the Elizabeth Line)?

A

A major railway project in London, providing faster, longer, and more sustainable train services across the city and surrounding areas.By reducing car travel and easing overcrowding on existing trains, lowering overall emissions.

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12
Q

What is HS2?

A

A high-speed rail project connecting London with cities in the Midlands and North to improve travel times and increase rail capacity.

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13
Q

How might HS2 benefit sustainability?

A

It aims to reduce domestic flights and car journeys, lowering carbon emissions and promoting rail use.

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14
Q

What is the Northern Powerhouse?

A

A government initiative to boost economic growth in Northern England through better transport links, including improved rail and public transport. By investing in public transport to reduce car use, connect cities efficiently, and encourage greener travel.

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15
Q

What is meant by the term ‘two-speed economy’?

A

It refers to the idea that some areas of the UK, like London and the South East, experience faster economic growth than areas in the North and West.

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16
Q

What is one problem caused by economic growth in London and the South East?

A

People move from places like Yorkshire to work there, reducing the local workforce and discouraging business investment in the North.

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17
Q

How are house prices affected in the South East?

A

They are rising faster than in the rest of the country, making housing less affordable.

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18
Q

What is HS2 and how does it help reduce the North-South divide?

A

HS2 is a high-speed rail line linking London with northern cities to create jobs and improve connections.

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19
Q

How can better transport help the North?

A

It can attract businesses and help workers find better jobs without needing to move south.

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20
Q

How would using smart tickets help the North-South divide?

A

It makes access to transport links easier and more attractive to people to use

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21
Q

How would investment in Northern Airports such as Manchester improve the North?

A

Encourages travel and investment from abroad

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22
Q

What is the advantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

-Healthier Environment
-The layout is not affected by previous development, so it can be made efficient and pleasant.
-It is relatively cheap and house building is faster.

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23
Q

What are disadvantages of building on greenfield sites?

A

-Valuable farmland or recreational land is lost.
-Disruption to wildlife habitats and damage to ecosystems
-higher commuting times on average for people who chose to buy there

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24
Q

What is suburban sprawl, and how is it linked to greenfield sites?

A

Suburban sprawl is the spread of housing from urban areas into rural areas, which is encouraged by building on greenfield land.

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25
What is the advantages of using brownfield sites?
-Reduces Suburban Sprawl -Helps regenerate and revive old and decayed areas -Infrastructure like water pipes and electricity already inplace -Located to main areas of employment, lower commuting times
26
What are the disadvantages of building on brownfield sites?
-Often more expensive to clear and demolish and develop upon -Often surrounded by rundown areas so often not appealing -Higher levels of pollution
27
What is net migration?
Net migration is the difference between the number of immigrants (people entering a country) and the number of emigrants (people leaving a country) over a specific period.
28
What are the benefits of immigration for businesses and the government in the UK?
Immigration increases the number of workers, helping the economy grow and allowing migrants to pay taxes. Many migrants bring useful skills to the UK. Migration introduces different ideas and cultures, enriching the multicultural fabric of UK society.
29
What long-term demographic benefit does migration provide for the UK?
Young migrants help balance the UK's ageing population, contributing to long-term demographic stability.
30
What concern do some local governments have about migration?
Some local governments believe migration puts pressure on local services such as health, school places, and housing.
31
Why are some political parties opposed to economic migrants coming to the UK?
They believe economic migrants might take jobs that could have gone to British workers or make use of the UK's social benefits system.
32
How many National Parks are there in the UK?
There are 15 National Parks in the UK.
33
What is the primary purpose of UK National Parks?
The primary purpose is to protect areas of beautiful countryside, cultural heritage, wildlife, and habitats.
34
What is the goal of sustainable development in National Parks?
The goal is to balance the needs of residents and visitors with conserving landscapes and habitats.
35
Name some organisations that work with National Park Authorities.
Organisations include the National Trust, English Heritage, the RSPB, and the Woodland Trust.
36
What is a National Park Management Plan?
It is a five-year plan developed by each National Park Authority in collaboration with local landowners, communities, and organisations to promote sustainable development.
37
How do National Parks aim to reduce carbon dioxide emission?
They encourage people to change their transport habits to reduce emissions from tourists travelling to, in, and from the National Parks.
38
What is an example of encouraging local business practices in National Parks?
Encouraging practices such as cattle markets and home construction to use sustainable energy sources like wind and solar power.
39
How do National Parks provide more employment opportunities?
By converting old farm buildings, such as barns, into new business premises like art galleries and offices.
40
What support is provided to small businesses in National Parks?
Support includes funds, training, and environmental audits to help create job stability and encourage further investment.
41
What is the significance of converting old farm buildings in National Parks?
It provides more employment opportunities and supports local economies by creating new business premises.
42
How many UK properties are at risk of flooding today?
About 330,000 UK properties are at risk of flooding today.
43
What is the projected number of UK properties at risk of flooding by 2080?
Between 630,000 and 1.2 million properties are projected to be at risk by 2080.
44
What are the main factors contributing to increased flood risk in the UK?
Factors include an increasing population, changes in land use (such as urban development), and climate change leading to more extreme rainfall events.
45
What are some methods used to make floods less likely?
Methods include controlling development in flood plains, building flood defences (hard engineering), and managing rivers and land use (soft engineering).
46
How does the Environment Agency help reduce the impacts of flooding?
By helping people prepare for flooding and providing flood warnings.
47
What caused the widespread flooding in the Somerset Levels during the winter of 2013/2014?
Very heavy rainfall throughout the winter led to the flooding of 7000 hectares of land and over 600 houses. The Somerset Levels are also very low-lying and crossed by several rivers, making them prone to river and coastal flooding.
48
What were some local complaints following the 2013/2014 flooding in the Somerset Levels?
Locals complained that flood defences were inadequate, silt had built up in the Parrett and Tone rivers, and the Environment Agency had not dredged these rivers.
49
What is the significance of urban development in increasing flood risk?
Urban development creates more impermeable surfaces, which increases runoff and flood risk
50
How does climate change contribute to flood risk in the UK?
Climate change leads to more extreme rainfall events, increasing the likelihood and severity of flooding.
51
What impact can coastal flooding have on the UK?
Coastal flooding can have a major impact on homes, businesses, and farmland around the coast of the UK.
52
What happened during the December 2013 storm surge in the UK?
Large areas of the East of England and Scotland were affected by a strong storm surge, causing widespread coastal flooding. Warnings were issued, and the Thames Flood Barrier was raised to protect central London.
53
How did the Environment Agency and Meteorological Office help during the December 2013 storm surge?
They issued warnings, raised the Thames Flood Barrier, erected temporary flood barriers, and provided information through media outlets to help people prepare and evacuate if necessary.the EA protected approximately 800,000 homes in England
54
What are sea walls, and how do they help manage coastal flood risk?
Sea walls are hard engineering structures built to prevent coastal erosion and act as barriers to prevent flooding. They are expensive and require maintenance.
55
What is managed retreat, and how does it work?
Managed retreat involves allowing low-lying land to flood up to a newly built defence on higher land. The flooded areas develop into salt marshes, which act as natural defences and wildlife habitats.Managed retreat only works in areas with low-quality farmland and low population density, as significant areas of land will become flooded.
56
What is a storm surge?
A storm surge is a temporary rise in sea level caused by a storm
57
What factors causes a storm surge?
Strong Winds: The storm's winds push seawater toward the shore, causing water to pile up. Low Atmospheric Pressure: The low pressure at the center of the storm allows the sea surface to rise slightly. High Tides: If the storm surge coincides with high tide, the water level can rise even higher.
58
What are the predicted temperature changes in the UK by 2080?
Winter temperatures are likely to increase by 2–4°C, and summer temperatures by 3–5°C, reaching an average range of 15–22°C.
59
How is precipitation expected to change in the UK due to climate change?
Winters are likely to become 15–30% wetter, and summers 15–30% drier. Extreme rainfall will become more frequent and intense.
60
What are the potential impacts of climate change on flooding in the UK?
ncreased precipitation and rising sea levels will make extreme flash floods, river flooding, and coastal flooding more likely. The annual cost of flood damage could rise from £2 billion to £12 billion by 2080.
61
How will warmer and drier summers affect the UK?
They will increase the risk of drought, leading to water deficits and threats to water security for the population, agriculture, and industry. More frequent heatwaves will also pressure the NHS.This will put pressure on the south east of england.
62
How will ecosystems in the UK be affected by climate change?
Many plants and animals will have to adapt, some species may become extinct, others may migrate north, and some will face competition from non-native species. UK landscapes will look different by 2100.
63
What global impacts of climate change could affect the UK?
Droughts in other parts of the world may reduce food supply and increase food prices. Increasing numbers of climate change refugees may wish to migrate to Europe.
64
What changes to UK landscapes are predicted by 2100 due to climate change?
Changes to natural vegetation and farmland will make some UK landscapes look quite different from today.
65
What are some local-scale actions individuals can take to reduce carbon dioxide emissions?
Walk or cycle shorter journeys instead of driving. Purchase locally produced food. Recycle waste materials. Install insulation and double glazing. Install solar panels.
66
Why is purchasing locally produced food beneficial for the environment?
Locally produced food requires less transportation, reducing fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
67
How can installing insulation and double glazing help combat climate change?
They reduce heat loss in homes, decreasing the need for constant heating and lowering energy consumption.
68
What are the challenges of implementing local-scale climate actions?
Not everyone can walk or cycle due to health concerns, and installing insulation, double glazing, and solar panels can be expensive. Additionally, not all shops stock locally produced food.
69
What role do national governments play in addressing climate change?
Governments can launch campaigns or legislation to encourage recycling, reduce resource consumption, and limit carbon emissions from industry and agriculture.
70
What conflict do national governments face when addressing climate change?
Governments must balance environmental concerns with the need for economic growth, which often involves greater resource consumption.
71
Why do larger cities tend to consume more energy?
Larger city populations require more energy resources, food, and water supplies, leading to greater demand for energy and higher carbon dioxide emissions.
72
How can governments address urban sprawl and its environmental impact?
Governments can use legislation to manage urban sprawl, though this may be seen as restricting business development and can be unpopular with voters.
73
How can national campaigns help combat climate change?
National campaigns can raise awareness and encourage behaviors like recycling and reducing resource consumption.
74
What is one reason for higher energy consumption in expanding cities?
A larger city population increases demand for energy, food, and water supplies, leading to greater energy consumption and carbon emissions.

GCSE Geography (23 decks)

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