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Geography GCSE > Uk's Evolving Physcial Landscape > Flashcards

Uk's Evolving Physcial Landscape Flashcards

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1
Q

How is igneous rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is igneous found in Britain?

A

Igneous if formed when magma cools under the surface hence large crystals hence slowly cools hence intrusive
If formed when lave cools then cools quickly forming small crystals which is extrusive
Examples are granite(intrusive) gabbro (extrusive) ands pumice
In volcanic areas such as Scotland Higlands and Dartmoor for gabbro or underground.

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2
Q

How is sedimentary rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is sedimentary found in Britain?

A

Sediment from cliffs are weathered and eroded and fall into the sea in layers which are then compressed and cemented squeezing water out of them from in rock. This is non clastic rock.
clastic rock is made up of broken rock fragments
Fossils can be found in them
Examples are limestone And shale (clastic)
Near coasts within cliffs eg East Anglia and southwest England

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3
Q

How is metamorphic rock formed? Examples of rock?Where is metamorphic found in Britain?

A

Any type of rock usually sedimentary heat and pressure applied to it over time and change into metamorphic.
Thermal is when rock changes due to contact with magma. Regional is where rock changes due to heat&pressure over wide area
Some rocks may just melt into magma
Shale (clastic)turn into slate (regional)
Scottish Isles
Marbel

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4
Q

Weathering def

A

The physical, biological or chemical process of breaking down solid rock by the action of weather or plants in the situ

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5
Q

Scree def

A

Angular rock pieces created by freeze thaw weathering. Increased every winter

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6
Q

Chemical weathering description

A

Chemicals in air/rain reacts with the stone which corrodes it. Affects sedimentary rock
Burning of fuels causes acid rain to affect plant and a animals as there is sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the rain

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7
Q

Biological weathering description

A

Trees , shrubs roots , plant or even animals such as rabbits attack the rocks and their cracks which weakens the structure eventually splitting the rock

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering description

A

Alternate freeze thaw weathering - rain water gets in the cracks and freezes repeatedly. The ice then expands and the force created causes the rock to break .

Onion Skin weathering - effect of sub means rock expands over the years and causes it to crack

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9
Q

Batholiths description

A

Magma rises but gets stuck under various layers of crust(Sedimentary). Magma then cools still stuck between the various layers of ground. A large dome is created called a Batholith under the sedimentary rock. A vertical intrusion to the ground is called a dyke. And a sideways intrusion is called a sill. If dyke is harder than the surrounding rock it forms a ridge. Sedimentary rock erodes over time and Batholith is visible.

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10
Q

One way in which past tectonic processes influence the physical landscape of the UK

A

Description of batholith

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11
Q 
Crystals 
Fossils
Ribbon like layers 
Same or pebbles
Gas bubbles
Glassy Surface
A 
M
S
M
S
I
I
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12
Q

Formation of U shaped valley

A

The glacier descends through the v shaped valley and eroded it through plucking which truncates the ine interlocking sours and abrasion. This widens it into a u shape and a ribbon lake is left behind once the glacier melts

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13
Q

Abrasion

A

Rubbing of rocks eroding other sufeca eg other rocks, river bed, cliff

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14
Q

Plucking

A

Removal of soil front of glacier

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15
Q

Formation of Malham cove

A

Fossils at the cover resemble those at great Barrier reef so it was under water
As fish and coral dies their skeletons fall to the floor forming strata
As the skeletons fall they crush those beneath eventually squeezing the water and compacting the rock
Calcium carbonate crystallised around the fragments which cemented then and preserved the fossils
Varied in hardness and resistance

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16
Q

Escarpments are

A

Areas of resistant rock that from higher ground.

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17
Q

Dip slopes are

A

Behind the escarpments and are harsh slopes

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18
Q

Spring line

A

Where the escarpment and vale joins

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19
Q

Values are

A

Less resistant rock forming lower and flatte ground

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20
Q

Mass movement

A

Movement of material due to gravity

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21
Q

4 types of mass movement are

A

Rockfall, landslides , mudflow, rotational slip

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22
Q

Rockfall is

A

Fragments of rock break away from the cliff often due to freeze thaw weathering

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23
Q

Landslides

A

Block of rock slide down hill

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24
Q

Mudflow

A

Saturated soil and weak rock flow down a slop

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25
Rotational skin
Slump of saturates soil and weak rock along curved surface.
26
Headland
A piece of land that just our to sea
27
Bay
Coastal inlet often with a beach
28
Discordant coastline is
Where there are alternate bands of hard and soft rock vertical to sea
29
Formation of headlands and bay
Head,ands and bays can happen at discordant coastlines. Soft rock is eroded more quickly than hard rock forming a bay The eroded rock is deposited in bay making water here shallower The heard rock just out to sea certain a headland near which sea is deeper
30
Joints
Small cracks in many rocks
31
Faults
Large cracks cause by tectonic plate
32
Destructive waves
These waves erode a beach (weak swash, strong backwash) Created in stormy conditions in winter High frequency 10-14 waves per min
33
Constructive waves
These waves build a beach strong swash weak backwash. Low frequency 6-8 waves per min Summer conditions Long compared to height
34
Formation of coves
Has to be on a concord ant coastline Has to be a joint which gets exploited Hard rock eroded slowly by hydraulic action and abrasion Reaches soft rock which erodes quickly and widens forming a cove Erosion slows when it reaches hard rock
35
Old harrys rock is located in and made out of
Swanage and is made out of sedimentary rock
36
Story of Old Harry Rocks
Sea attacks joint&faults in headland, opening up a crack As the crack is further eroded a sea cave is formed If cave is eroded through the headland an arch is formed in which you can see through The weather and sea attacks the stack until a stump is left whcih if often covered by the water during high tide
37
Retreat of hard rock cliffs (wave cut notch and platform)
Sea attacks the base of cliff Wave cut notch if formed by erosional processes such as abrasion & hydraulic action As the notch increases in size the cliff becomes more unstable and falls leading to the retreat of the cliff face Backwash carries away the eroded material creating wave cut platform Process repeats
38
Attrition
Wearing down of rocks as they hit each other and river bed
39
Hydraulic action
Breaking away of river bed and banks by the sheer force of water getting into the joint
40
Solution
Water dissolves minerals from the rock and washes then away (slightly acidic water)
41
4 erosional processes
Abrasion attrition solution hydraulic action
42
What causes waves
Wind
43
Fetch
The distance which the wind blows the waves. Larger the fetch the larger the wave
44
Why do waves break
Due to the increase of friction of the waves as it touches the sand and slows down. Top of the wave becomes higher and steeper till it toppled over.
45
Long shore drift
Swash hit beach at an angle due to the prevailing wind
46
Prevailing wind
Dominant wind direction usually south west England
47
How does long shore drift create bay/lagoon/salt marsh etc
Long shore drift moves sediment along beach Due to the position of the bay & headland sand begins to build up past the headland eventually forming a spit behind which a salt marshes can be found. If the conditions are correct the spit extends to the other headland creating a bar which then means it is a lagoon not a bay as it is closed off . Salt marshes form behind the air and sand dunes may form as well.
48
Hurst Castke spit location and case study and explanation
South coast of England Northeast of the Isle of Wight West of France Long shore drift occurred forMing a spit
49
Global warming effects coastal flooding
Temp rise causes melting ice cause increase in sea level | Water gets warmer due to temp rise so water expands creating an increase in the volume of ice
50
Storm surges in east anglia case study about and when
Rising sea levels and 1953&2013
51
What is a storm surge
Rise in sea level due to severe storms (low pressure system) causing heightened waves driven onshore by sting wind called wind drift
52
Storm surges social effect
40,000 homeless 41 dead in Felixstowe - 13 children 24,000 homes damaged
53
Storm surges economic effect
200 miles of railway out of action Estimated damage is £1.2bn Infrastructure destroyed Power stations and gas works out of action
54
Storm surges environmental effect
160,000 acres of land unsubtle for several years | 160,000 dectacres of agricultural land flooded with salt water
55
Storm surges responses
Flood defence system for London created 32,000 evacuated Sea wall + groynes were installed Official service from MET office
56
Storm surges the future
Estimated 1 in 50 yrs will become 1 in 20 yrs Beaches,spits and deltas will be erided faster Rise of 50cm of sea means defences will be useless in East Anglia & London
57
Case study of interaction of human and physical processes name
Happisburgh
58
Happisburgh location
On coast of North Sea South east England North east of Cambridge and London
59
What is causing happisburgh
Long fetch across North Sea generates powerful storm waves. Narrow beaches mean little protection from storms, sea level rise and climate change will drastically speed up the destruction of happisburgh
60
Happisburgh attempts to reduce coastal erosion
Timber groynes from 1950 destroyed in 2000 Coastal defence scheme scrapped in 2006 “Buy a boulder” fundraising to create rock amour for happisburgh
61
Happisburgh impact upon people and environment
12 the century church may be lost 67% of agricultural land will be lost Only privately run lighthouse will be lost in the UK 850 people Happisburgh protects the Northen Broads (national park) from flooding
62
Hard engineering
A technique involving the construction of significant man made structures to manage the coastline
63
Hard engineering positives and negatives in general
Expensive Ugly | effective Destroys natural habitat
64
Soft engineering
A technique involving the construction of more environmentally friendly, less damaging and arguably more sustainable management solutions.
65
Soft engineering positives and negatives in general
Cheaper | Doesn’t destroy habitats Less effective
66
Cost benefit analysis
Cos vs benefit of what is being saved
67
Example of hard engineering structures
Rock armour Sea wall Groynes Gabon’s - cages of boulder
68
Examples of soft engineering
Dune regeneration Marshes Beach nourishment
69
ICZM stands for and description
Integrated coastal zone management | Involved making different choices about the whole stretch of coast
70
Smp stands for and description
Shoreline management plan | Builds on the knowledge of coastal environment and takes public interest into account
71
Choices to be made about coastal management and description
Hold the line - defences in place Advance the line - put defence at sea and add beaches Strategic Realignment - move affected companies and businesses managed retreat - Do nothing
72
3 courses of a river and characteristics (use Bradshaw model)
Upper- v shaped valley,waterfalls, narrow,slow,large load particles,small load,slope angle is large, small discharge Middle-meander,ox bow lake, load particle size decreases, load increases, channel depth & width increases, larger discharge Lower- delta,largest width, depth and load quantity. Load particle size is the smallest and so is the slope angle. Highest discharge
73
4 processes in river, name which course(S) and a description
Traction-large rocks are dragged along the rock bed - UPPER Saltation- pebbles licked up and dropped again creating skipping motion- MIDDLE Solution - dissolved chemicals are carried MIDDLE Suspension- tiny particles are carried suspended within the rivers current MIDDLE & LOWER
74
4 erosional processes in river and which course
Solution -alkaline rocks are dissolved by acidic rain water in lower course Attrition - rock and stone rub against each other in middle & lower Abrasion - sand & pebbles are dragged across the river bed in upper Hydraulic action - fast flowing water is forced into cracks breaking banka part in upper course
75
Why is the discharge of a river
Volume of water flowing at one point in m cubed per second
76
Formation of meander
The river begins to gain energy in the middle course so moves to find the easiest path through the rock. It will erode the soft rock and all the water will rush that way creating a bend we call a meander
77
Description of flows in meander
Thalweg - fastest flow on the outside of the bend, eroding the bank and creates a river cliff and undercutting Slowest flow runs along the inside of the meander where deposition occurs due to a lack of energy creating a slip slope of a river beach Helicodiak flo- runs down the middle and twists like a coiled spring due to the intersection of thalweg and slowest flow at meanders.
78
Formation of ox bow lake
Meander erodes at the neck due to location of thalweg Erosion continues till only a thing strip is left Flood occurs completely eroding the neck making a more efficient way to travel. Deposited material begins to form a barrier between ox bow and river Eventually trapped water dries out and vegetation begins to gro leavening a meander scar
79
What is alluvian
A mineral that makes land fertile
80
Lateral erosion
The widening of a rivers banks due to erosion
81
Courses of a river that are tidal are
Lower course
82
Key features of the lower course
Flood plains Levees Deltas
83
Floodplain
Flat area of land that the river spills into
84
Levee description and formation
A small ridge or raised level of deposited material on the banks of a river can be natural or man made Flooding occurs and sediment is deposited, after repeated flooding natural levees are built
85
Delta formation + types & description
Formed when a river deposits sediment faster than the sea can remove Fan-shaped - like a fan - river niger Cuspate - arrow like land jutting into sea - river Ebro Bird Foot - bird foot shape - Mississippi
86
Order & explanation of the water/hydrological cycle
Precipitation - when water vapour cools & turns into liquid Interception - water is prevented from reaching the surface due to vegetation. Evaporation and transpiration (water lost through pores in vegetation) occurs Some is then stored as surface storage and runs off to sea called surface run off Infiltration - water sinks into the soil from ground surface Some is then absorbed as soil moisture which then runs to the sea called through flow (flow of water soil layer parallel to the surface) Percolation - water seeps deeper below surface Some then seeps further and is stored as ground water. Ground water flows downstream to the sea.
87
Transpiration
Water is lost through pores in vegetation
88
Why is the lower course most prone to flooding?
More disgpchatge, low lying, tidal, flood plains
89
What is a flood
Occurs when the water in a river over flows it’s banks due to an increase in discharge
90
Reasons for floods
Antecedent rainfall Geology-impermeable surfaces create surface run off Lack of vegetation means less interception Steep valley sudds High drainage density
91
Key terms and explanations relevant to flood hydrographs
Base line - average discharge Receding limb - decrease in discharge Rising limb - increase in discharge Lag time - time between peak rainfall and perk discharge; shorter lag time more risk of flood
92
Boscastle location
South west England in Cornwall Near Bristol Channel Bread Plymouth, north of penzanze, and south west of Exeter
93
Boscastle facts
``` 800 people 600 year old cafe (most pictured in England ) Steep valleys Confluence of 3 rivers 16th August 2004 11km wide storm 1.5bn litres Biggest airlift since ww2 Lasted 2 hrs ```
94
Boscastle physical causes
The flooding coincided with the high tide Confluence of 3 rivers Valency, Jordan & Paradise Higher than average rainfall - Boscastle received 25% more than normal Antecedent Rainfall - ground was saturated due to 2 previous consecutive weeks of rainfall
95
Boscastle human causes
Lots of impermeable surface eg: concrete so more surface run off Trees & vehicles blocked the river channel under a bridge causing the river to burst its banks Lack of flood defences and old/small drainage systems
96
Boscastle responses
``` Widened rivers Large donations Investment in prediction o flash floods LOW BRIDGES REMOVED £4.6 BN FLOOD DEFENCE SCHEME FARMING ON VALLEY ```
97
Boscastle economic impacts
Cost of rescue operation Loss of 50 cars Damage to homes, businesses & land Loss of tourism - major scourge of income for locals
98
Boscastle environmental impacts
Environmental damage to local wildlife | Coastal pollution as debris & fuel floated out to sea
99
Boscastle social impacts
Long term disruption as major rebuilding project was conducted Long term stress & anxiety
100
Boscastle case study is for
Flash floods (rivers)
101
Somerset levels : Moorland case study for
Future river flooding
102
Location of Somerset levels/moorland
West of England and south of Bristol,d and north of illchester Within Somerset popular towns are Glastonbury and minehead Most affected are was moorland in south central Coastside of Bristol Channel
103
Somerset levels background information
``` Lowest lying areas in UK Max above 8m above sea level Seven rivers drain into levels Bristol Channel also floods 2 serious floods in 2014 ```
104
Somerset levels physical causes
More sever gales since 1871 235% more rainfall than an average winter Jet streams were located in southern England in 2014
105
Somerset levels human causes
Less dredging of river channels Levees (man made) made situation worse as river had adjusted to new banks Landscape was changed from wetlands to agricultural
106
Somerset levels the future
Climate change will bring more storms & damaging winds Higher tides will result in more storm surges Higher and longer lasting river floods is twice as likely.
107
Somerset levels main causes/future
12 major storms in 2014 Landscape was changed from wetlands to housing Coinage change will bring in more storms & damaging winds

Geography GCSE (7 decks)

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