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Geography GCSE > Devlopment Dynamics > Flashcards

Devlopment Dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is development

A

A process of change that affects people’s life. May include na improvement in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing the change.

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2
Q

Social ways of measuring development

A

Health,wealth and education levels measured by life expectancy (HDI)
NHS measured by doctors per 10,000
Fair legal system measured by Corruption Perecption Index
Safe drinking water - % of people with access drinking water

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3
Q

Political ways of measuring development

A

Free speech measured by amount of people jailed due to speaking out
Democracy measured by corruption perception index CPI

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4
Q

HDI is

A

The human development index which combines wealth health and education on a scale 0-1 the higher the better

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5
Q

Dependency ratio

A

Proportion of people below and above the normal working age

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6
Q

Life expectancy

A

Average number of years a person can be expected to live

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7
Q

Maternal mortality

A

Number of mothers that die during child birth

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8
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per woman

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9
Q

Birth rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 people per year

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10
Q

Infant mortality

A

Number of children per 1000 per year that did before their first birthday

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11
Q

Death rate

A

Number of deaths per 1000 per year

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12
Q

Largest age group of Malawi compared to largest of uk
Birth rate comparison
Infant mortality rate comparison

A

0-4 is Malawi because they are less likely to survive they have more babies unlike UK who has the most 45-49 age in pop
Birth rate is low in UK due to access to contraception and woman focusing on careers whilst high in Malawi to lack of these and babies are less likely to survive
Infant mortality rate is high in Malawi due to lack of hospitals and low in UK

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13
Q

Infant mortality numbers fro Malawi and UK
Life expectancy numbers
Birth rate numbers

A

48 and 4.4
60 and 80.4
41.8 and 12.2

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14
Q

Malawi’s population pyramid

A

Traditional pyramid shape
Means increase pressure on schools
High death rates

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15
Q

UK population pyramid

A

Less like pyramid shape.
Increased pressure on health care due to ageing population
Low birth rate due to contraception @nd change in the role of woman
Declining workforce so pressure on budgets or funds

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16
Q

What is the Brandt line

A

A curved line made by a German chancellor in the 1980s mostly spreading the northern hemisphere classed as developed and the southern as undeveloped with the exception of Australia

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17
Q

Criticisms of the Brandt line

A
  • certain parts of countries are more developed
  • doesn’t take into account population which skews GDP
  • doesn’t take developing countries or BRICs into account
  • world has changed science 1980s
  • natural disasters are not considered
  • Greece is in debt yet is classified as developed
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18
Q

HIC def,meaning and examples

A

High income country which is wealthy and generally in the northern hemisphere eg usa and UK

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19
Q

LIC def, meaning and examples

A

Low income country - poor generally in Southern Hemisphere for example Nigeria or Zambia

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20
Q

MIC def, meaning and examples

A

Middle income countries - countries that have a lot of raw materials like Brazil or chile or Ecuador

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21
Q

NICS def, meaning and examples

A

Growth is due to relocation of manufacturing overseas for example Singapore or Malaysia or South Korea
Newly industrialising countries

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22
Q

Rostows theory fo development general facts/description

A

Rostow was anti communist and made thee theory of development in the 1950s and it has 5 stages that describe the way a country will develop

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23
Q

Steps of rostows theory

A

Traditional Development-subsistence farming, same as ancestors,small trade between locals
Pre Conditioned take off- Banks,public transport,sewage facilities
Take off - textile industry develops, individuality starts,materialistic habits
Drive to maturity: global companies, skilled workers, expensive products
Age of mass consumption- luxuries become nessecities, high profit, high income,service sector jobs

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24
Q

Criticisms rostows theory are

A

Oversimplified and too old
New scientific developments mean there may be new ways to develop
Reflects European and American development may differ for Asia
Western countries took advantage of other countries through colonisation

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25
General facts about Franks dependency theory
Made in 1967 and separates the world into two sectors; the core and the periphery
26
All about the core of frank dependancy theory
15% of the worlds population enjoy 75% of the world income for example Canada, USA,UK These countries have expensive products better jobs and healthcare and education They are takers. Development in core is due to exploitation of the periphery Core processes raw materials into high valued products
27
All about the periphery of Franks dependency theory
Periphery are dependent on core yo process raw materials from the periphery Countries are Brazil, Malawi
28
Criticisms of frank theory are
It is stagnant hence does not show how a country can progress through the stages Less detail but simpler to understand
29
2 social reasons that global inequality exists are
Diseases and poor healthcare
30
2 environmental reasons global inequality exists are
Flooding and landlocked countries
31
2 political reasons global inequality exists are
Unstable governments and corruption
32
2 historical reasons global inequality exists are
Empires and colonialism
33
2 economical reasons global inequality exists are
Import tariffs and subsidies fro richer countries
34
What is the capital of Malawi
Lilongwe
35
Physical reasons why Malawi is poor
Landlocked and 87% of Malawi’s population is rural so it takes hours to get anywhere
36
Political reasons why Malawi is poor
Britain colonised Malawi and Britain still makes profit from their tea plantations
37
Environmental reasons Malawi is poor
Increase air pollution traffic congestion in capital increases Increased water pollution as squatter settlement with no sanitation have grown rapidly Droughts
38
Economic reasons global inequality exist
Malawi import more than it exports so has very poor trade terms. EU puts high tariffs on coffee which decreases Malawi’s profit
39
Neo-colonialism
Country has gained independence but the country that colonised it still hold power
40
Globalisation
The world is getting increasingly more connected to each other
41
Top-down development
Schemes that are funded by large companies or decisions that are made by the govt to dev,op the country. Locals have no say in the matter.
42
Bottom up development
Local people are involved in order to make their everyday lives better eg NGOs
43
Where is the three gorges dam and why was it built
In the Yangtze River, China which is the largest in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. It was built to reduce oil dependancy and to increase the us e of hydroelectric power.
44
Social benefits and problems of three gorges dam
Benefits are:220 million people are protected from flooding and there is hydroelectric power fro over 13million people Problems are: 330 million people die if it bursts and 1.7million people had to relocate of which many are homeless, fishermen ordered to leave and can not make money and cultural monuments were lost.
45
Environmental benefits and problems of three gorges dam are
Benefits - replaced a coal power station hence reduced 150 million tonnes of emissions and is 10% of china’s total power supply and it is renewable energy Problems are - silt May block reservoir, sewage build within the reservoir, White Flag dolphin may become extinct.
46
Economic benefits and problems of three gorges dam
Benefits - cuts financial loss of floods and shipping is easier and safer. Problems are - afforestation needed to reduce sediment which is expensive and it cost £25million to build
47
Long term effects of three gorges are
Resentment and extinction of species
48
Social benefits and problems due to water aid
Benefits are-20 schools have double latrines for 400 boys and 300 girls. 20 water points benefit 5000 people in Zambia. Problems- After pumps are installed there is no money to maintain them so locals drink unsafe water again. Corrupt gifts mean that money doesn’t always reach the locals.
49
Environmental benefits due to water aid
For 40 years school children drink the same water as animals from watering holes.
50
Economic benefits and problems due to water aid
Benefits are- 218 people are trained in artisan skills so may be able to earn little money. Problems are- 215 million and 360 million usd has been wasted on infrastructure that has since collapsed. In 2014 73million usd was donated to water aid yet there are people without safe water.
51
Intermediate technology and water aid
Uses low tech solutions and local materials to solve problems
52
Ways to define developments and examples
HIC MIC NIC LIC DEVELOPING- MALAWI EMERGING- INDIA DEVELOPED UK
53
Ways to measure development are
Brandt line Rostows theory Tanks dependancy theory Population pyramid
54
Environmental impacts for the change of population in India
Air pollution- 3787 deaths due to toxic aid when a plant exploded. Over 8000 have died this year due to gas related issues. Water pollution- floating cremations and etc polluted Ganges but people still bathe in it. 1bn litres of sewage go in it everyday. Electronic waste- 100,000 computers and mobiles thrown away each year and people are paid £1 a day to sort it se people die from toxins in the electronic material Difficulty ind supposing waste- tot,any unplanned shanty towns make it hard to collect trash, many industrial compainies get away with polluting the environment because they are creating jobs and the poor people who pick it up fall sick
55
Ways the location of India helps it to develop
It’s has a large coastline which means it can easily transport goods via sea which is 10x less expensive than by air. This means that trade is very easy. It is close to China which is the worlds largest manufacturer exporter so can trade easily and is close to UAE which is rich and would buy goods from India.
56
Many companies outsource their call centres to India. Show positives of this and state whether reasons are social economic or environmental
Economic -30-40% of growth a year in this sector. Over 200 companies outsource to India so lots of jobs. In 2008 7bn usd was made from call centres alone.
57
Many companies outsource their call centres to India. Show negatives of this and state whether reasons are social economic or environmental
Social - they are expected to work 6 days a week and are expected at amzon to answer 8000 emails per day whilst answering calls. Lack of company know,edge and people are worried about security. Linguistic barriers. They are experiencing a cultural loss and have to change their names and lose their accents and love America.
58
Maharashtra facts
``` 2nd largest port Most people work in service industry 10 trillion rupees gdp 104,004 gdp per capita rupees Lots of investment hence improvement eg apartments 77.27% literacy rate Film industry is located there ```
59
Bihar facts
86% of the populations is rural and works in subsistence farming Only 1/3 of children reach primary school Still follow traditional caste system Can’t afford basic services No investment so no improvement in Bihar 45% literacy rate
60
Why is there such a lack of development in Bihar compared to Maharashtra
Bihar is surrounded by mountains and landlocked so has no port unlike Maharashtra No film industry in Bihar Subsistence farming so no investment unlike Maharashtra
61
Different government plans to develop India are
Tourism, education, healthcare, infrastructure, urbanisation and power
62
Tourism in India
Annual growth of 6.9% 10 million from foreign tourists People are worried about unchecked growth
63
Infrastructure in India
101 airports 35,000govt hospitals 8500 trainstations 5000 acres of solar panels in Gujarat Companies can easily locate to India
64
Urbanisation in India
More jobs due to large cities and plans on developing healthcare etc
65
Education in India
Children have the right to free education 69% of Indians are secondary level graduates 25% are uni level Rural areas can go online for uni so they don’t have to travel or relocate
66
Healthcare in India
National rule health mission for rural areas 18,000 people are helped More accessible yet needs to improve
67
Power for India
Increase the growth of the agricultural industry is the purpose of the 11th plan 98. 4% in cities have electricity 77. 63% have electricity in the country side
68
Foreign direct investment is where money is sent overseas who is India’s largest fdi
UK and vice versa
69
Geopolitical influence
The way a country’s geography and economy affect its relationship and economy with other countries.
70
Links for India
G-20 BRICS U.N. security council Most important are with Pakistan and the eu
71
Other ways for India. To develop are
Raising taxes for tncs, new climate change agreement, large dam, more business parks

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