Ultimate Guide to AP-World History Flashcards
1
Q
What rises out of the collapse of classical civilization?
A
Interactions developing between new states and growth of long-distance trade
This refers to the historical changes that occurred after the fall of classical civilizations, leading to new political and economic systems.
2
Q
What is the significance of belief systems in history?
A
Most belief systems still impact history and have divisions into subgroups and sects
Understanding the theological basis of these systems is crucial for grasping their social, political, and cultural impacts.
3
Q
Who founded Buddhism?
A
Siddhartha Gautama, a young Hindu prince
He lived in Nepal from 563-483 BCE and became known as the Buddha (Enlightened One).
4
Q
What are the 4 Noble Truths of Buddhism?
A
- All life is suffering
- Suffering is caused by desire
- One can be freed of desire
- Freedom from desire follows a prescribed path
5
Q
What are the two major branches of Buddhism?
A
- Theravada Buddhism
- Mahayana Buddhism
6
Q
What is the impact of Theravada Buddhism?
A
Focus on meditation, simplicity, and nirvana as renunciation of consciousness and self
It emphasizes individual enlightenment and personal discipline.
7
Q
What characterized Mahayana Buddhism?
A
Great ritual and spiritual comfort, more complex but with greater spread
Mahayana Buddhism often incorporates various practices and beliefs to appeal to a wider audience.
8
Q
What is the central figure of Christianity?
A
Jesus of Nazareth
He claimed to be the Messiah awaited by the Jews and taught love for God and others.
9
Q
What are the key beliefs of Christianity?
A
- Jesus is the Son of God
- Forgiveness of sins is achievable through him
- Believers should seek God and care for others
10
Q
What is Confucianism primarily concerned with?
A
Restoration of political and social order
It does not focus on philosophical or religious topics but rather on societal relationships.
11
Q
List the 5 fundamental relations in Confucianism
A
- Ruler and subject
- Parent and child
- Husband and wife
- Older sibling and younger sibling
- Friend and friend
12
Q
What is the ultimate goal of Hinduism?
A
To merge with Brahma
This process involves multiple lives and following one’s dharma.
13
Q
What are the sacred texts of Hinduism?
A
- Vedas
- Upanishads
14
Q
What is the significance of the Islamic faith’s Five Pillars?
A
They outline the basic acts of worship and submission to God
The Five Pillars are: confession, prayer, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
15
Q
What are the two main sects of Islam?
A
- Shia
- Sunni
16
Q
What is the Hebrew Bible also known as?
A
Torah
It contains laws, miracles, historical chronicles, poetry, and prophecies.
17
Q
What was the Abbasid Dynasty known for?
A
Golden Age of Islam, capital in Baghdad, center for arts and sciences
It was a time of great cultural, scientific, and economic advancement.
18
Q
What led to the decline of the Islamic Caliphates?
A
Internal rivalries and Mongol invasions
The Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, significantly impacting the Islamic world.
19
Q
What characterized European feudalism?
A
A hierarchical social system with kings, nobles, and vassals
Land was divided among nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service.
20
Q
What was the Magna Carta?
A
A document signed by King John that reinstated noble rights and laid the foundation for Parliament
It was a significant step in limiting royal power and establishing legal rights.
21
Q
What was the Code of Bushido?
A
A code of conduct followed by samurai in feudal Japan
It emphasized loyalty, courage, and honor.
22
Q
What was the impact of the Mongol Empire on global culture?
A
Great diffusers of culture and prevented Russia from culturally developing
Their conquests facilitated trade and cultural exchange across regions.
23
Q
What were the main global trade routes during the period from 1200-1450?
A
- The Hanseatic League
- The Silk Road
- Mongol land routes
- Trade between China and Japan
- Trade between India and Persia
- Trans-Saharan routes
24
Q
What was the significance of the Bubonic Plague?
A
Killed about 1/3 of the population, started in Asia and spread by merchants
It had profound social and economic impacts on Europe and beyond.
25
What characterized the Indian Ocean trade during this period?
Dominated by Persians and Arabs, involved vibrant communities and cultural intermixing
## Footnote
It included trade from western India to eastern Africa.
26
What disease started in Asia in the 14th century and killed about 1/3 of the population?
Bubonic Plague
## Footnote
The Bubonic Plague was carried by merchants during trade.
27
Which regions were connected by the Indian Ocean Trade dominated by Persians and Arabs?
Western India to Persian Gulf to eastern Africa
28
What was the Great Zimbabwe?
A trading empire in Africa from the 11th to 15th centuries
29
What cultural phenomenon occurred due to sailors marrying local women in the Indian Ocean communities?
Cultural intermixing
30
What trade route connected China to Mediterranean cultures during the Roman Empire?
Silk Road
31
Name two key trade towns along the Silk Road where cultural exchange occurred.
* Kashgar
* Samarkand
32
What league was made up of over 100 cities and created a substantial middle class in northern Europe?
Hanseatic League
33
What were the two main reasons for the expansion of religion and empires?
* Natural spread through trade contact
* Intentional diffusion via missionary work or religious war
34
Who was Xuanzang?
A Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India to explore Buddhism
35
What was the Protestant Reformation?
A movement that led to the split of Christianity and reduced the Catholic Church's influence
36
Who was Martin Luther?
A German monk who published complaints against the Catholic Church, proposing direct salvation through God
37
What did the Council of Trent aim to do?
Reinstate papal authority and punish heretics
38
What scientific method shift occurred during the Scientific Revolution?
From reasoning to the scientific method (theory, documentation, repetition)
39
Who was Nicolaus Copernicus?
An astronomer who discovered that the earth and other celestial bodies revolve around the sun
40
What was the Edict of Nantes?
An edict issued by Henry IV for tolerance between Catholics and Huguenots
41
What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg?
It aimed to end conflicts between Catholics and Protestants
42
What empire did Ivan III lead Russia to free from?
Mongols
43
What was the Ottoman Empire founded by?
Osman Bey
44
Who was Suleiman I?
The Ottoman ruler during its golden age from 1520-1566
45
What was the role of Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?
Christian children turned into elite warriors
46
What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
An agreement to split colonized land between Spain and Portugal
47
Which explorer circumnavigated the globe?
Sir Francis Drake
48
What was the primary purpose of the Portuguese and Spanish explorations?
To control major shipping routes and acquire new colonies
49
What disease devastated the Aztec Empire brought by Spanish explorers?
Smallpox
50
Fill in the blank: The __________ Empire dominated northern India for 300 years.
Mughal
51
True or False: The Asanti Empire arose in the 1670s and expanded its territory.
True
52
Who was Queen Nzinga?
A leader who resisted Portuguese control in Angola for 40 years
53
What was the National Seclusion Policy in Japan?
A policy prohibiting Japanese from traveling abroad and limiting foreign presence
54
What did Spanish explorers find in the Aztec and Inca Empires?
Great wealth
## Footnote
Spanish explorers were motivated by the potential for gold and spices.
55
Who landed on the coast of Mexico in 1519?
Hernando Cortés
## Footnote
Cortés aimed to exploit the Aztec Empire.
56
What was the outcome of the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?
Spanish control began in 1525 after a siege of Tenochtitlan
## Footnote
Neighbouring states aided the Spanish due to resentment towards the Aztecs.
57
What disease significantly affected the Aztec population?
Smallpox
## Footnote
The population decreased from 20 million in 1520 to 2 million by 1580.
58
Who took over the Inca Empire in 1531?
Francisco Pizarro
## Footnote
Pizarro's conquest was aided by the spread of disease.
59
What was the Encomienda System?
A hierarchical colonial society established by the Spanish in the New World
## Footnote
It involved forced labor of natives and African slaves.
60
Who were the Peninsulares?
Spanish officials governing the colonies
## Footnote
They were at the top of the colonial social hierarchy.
61
What are Mestizos?
Those with European/Native American ancestry
## Footnote
They formed a significant part of the colonial society.
62
What was the role of Viceroys in New Spain?
Governors of each of the five regions
## Footnote
They enforced the encomienda system.
63
What was the impact of the African Slave Trade?
Slaves were brought to work on plantations and mines
## Footnote
This trade exploited existing systems of slavery in Africa.
64
How many Africans were taken during the slave trade?
Around 13 million
## Footnote
60% went to South America, 35% to the Caribbean, and 5% to North America.
65
What was the Columbian Exchange?
Transatlantic transfer of animals, plants, diseases, people, technology, and ideas
## Footnote
It significantly impacted populations across continents.
66
What were two key products of the Columbian Exchange?
* Sugar
* Silver
## Footnote
Both products were produced using significant forced labor.
67
What is Mercantilism?
Theory that creating a favorable balance of imports and exports was best
## Footnote
This led to intense colonialism to meet European demand.
68
What was the major effect of the Industrial Revolution?
Increased power to exploit colony resources
## Footnote
It began in Britain in the 19th century and spread globally.
69
What was the significance of the Enclosure movement?
Public lands became privately owned, altering farming practices
## Footnote
This contributed to urbanization as people moved to cities.
70
What invention did Eli Whitney create?
Cotton gin
## Footnote
It processed large amounts of cotton quickly.
71
What was the role of Labor Unions?
Vehicles for employees to bargain for better working conditions
## Footnote
They emerged in response to poor labor conditions.
72
What was the impact of the Factory Act of 1883?
Limited working hours and restricted child labor
## Footnote
It aimed to improve factory conditions.
73
What was the outcome of the American Revolution?
Creation of American democracy
## Footnote
The revolution concluded with British defeat in 1781.
74
What significant event did the Third Estate initiate in France?
Formation of the National Assembly
## Footnote
This occurred in 1789 as a protest against exclusion from the constitution.
75
Who led the Haitian Revolution?
Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture
## Footnote
The revolution resulted in Haiti's independence in 1804.
76
What was the Congress of Vienna's main goal?
To maintain a balance of power among European nations
## Footnote
It sought to prevent the rise of any single power, especially France.
77
What did the Emancipation Edict in Russia accomplish?
Abolished serfdom
## Footnote
It was initiated by Alexander II but had limited effects.
78
What was the role of the British East India Company in India?
Had exclusive British trade rights and began taking over Mughal territory
## Footnote
Led to British rule in India.
79
What sparked the Sepoy Mutiny in 1857?
Disrespect towards Hindu and Muslim soldiers by the British
## Footnote
The rebellion ultimately failed.
80
What was the significance of the Indian National Congress?
It was formed to fight for Indian independence
## Footnote
Established in 1885 and aimed to end British rule.
81
What was Social Darwinism?
Application of natural selection to sociology
## Footnote
It suggested that certain races or classes were dominant.
82
What did Adam Smith advocate for?
Private ownership and free market system (capitalism)
## Footnote
He argued that the economy would regulate itself without government intervention.
83
What was the main criticism of Karl Marx regarding capitalism?
It led to class inequality and exploitation of workers
## Footnote
His ideas formed the basis for socialism and communism.
84
What was the impact of Nationalism in Europe post-Napoleonic era?
Led to the unification of countries like Italy and Germany
## Footnote
Nationalist movements influenced political structures significantly.
85
What title did Queen Victoria hold in relation to India?
Empress of India
## Footnote
Queen Victoria ruled over almost 300 million Indian subjects.
86
What major event marked the end of the Mughal Empire?
Exile of Bahadur Shah II
87
What was the purpose of the Indian National Congress formed in 1885?
To fight for independence from British rule
88
What significant trade city did Europe initially have access to in China until the 1830s?
Canton
89
What were the Opium Wars?
Conflicts initiated by Britain to continue opium trade in China
90
What treaty forced China to allow Britain considerable trading rights?
Treaty of Nanjing
91
What was the outcome of the Second Opium War?
All of China opened to trade
92
What movement did the White Lotus Rebellions represent?
Buddhist frustration over taxes and government corruption
93
What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?
An attempt by the Manchu Dynasty to modernize
94
What was the significance of the Treaty of Shimonoseki?
China ceded Taiwan to Japan and granted trading rights
95
What was the Open Door Policy?
US pledged to support Chinese sovereignty and equal trading rights
96
Who were the Boxers?
Chinese peasant nationalists who attempted to expel foreign influence
97
What did the Boxer Protocol require of China?
To pay reparations for the Boxer Rebellion
98
What was the outcome of the 1911 revolution in China?
The imperial government ended and a republic was established
99
What triggered Japan's modernization and industrialization?
Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival in 1853
100
What was the Meiji Restoration?
An era of westernization in Japan
101
What was the Berlin Conference of 1884?
A meeting of European powers to discuss land claims in Africa
102
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
US policy declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization
103
What was the Roosevelt Corollary?
US intervention in financial disputes in Latin America
104
What was the significance of the Spanish-American War?
US gained control over the Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, and Cuba
105
What was the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany's military strategy to invade France through Belgium
106
What event triggered the start of World War I?
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
107
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany faced reparations and territorial losses
108
What was the April Theses?
Lenin's demands for peace, land for peasants, and power to soviets
109
What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
An armistice between Russia and Germany
110
Who was Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)?
Leader who overthrew the Ottoman Empire and became Turkey's first president
111
What was Stalin's New Economic Policy (NEP)?
A policy allowing farmers to sell grain for profit
112
What were the Five-Year Plans?
Stalin's initiatives for industrialization and collectivization
113
What caused the Great Depression?
US stock market crash in 1929 leading to an international economic crisis
114
What is fascism?
A political ideology prioritizing the collective over the individual
115
Who founded the first fascist state?
Benito Mussolini
116
What was the significance of the Munich Conference of 1938?
Attempted appeasement of Hitler by allowing him to annex Sudetenland
117
What event marked the start of World War II?
Germany's invasion of Poland
118
What was the Tripartite Pact?
Alliance between Japan, Germany, and Italy
119
What was the Manhattan Project?
US development of the atomic bomb
120
What was the Holocaust?
The genocide of millions of Jews by Nazi Germany
121
What was the Marshall Plan?
US initiative to rebuild European economies post-WWII
122
What was established in 1945 to prevent future global conflicts?
United Nations
123
What characterized the Cold War?
Tension between the US and USSR over ideological influence
124
What years did the Cold War last?
1945 to early 90s
125
Which two superpowers were primarily involved in the Cold War?
US and Soviet Union
126
What were the two opposing worldviews during the Cold War?
* US: capitalism, democracy
* USSR: communism/totalitarianism
127
What did the Truman Doctrine (1947) state?
US would aid countries threatened by communism (containment)
128
What military alliance did the Western bloc form in response to communism?
NATO
129
What was the Eastern bloc's military alliance called?
Warsaw Pact
130
What was the Iron Curtain?
The line between the heavily weaponized NATO and Warsaw Pact
131
What was the Bandung Conference (1955)?
A meeting of leaders from Africa and Asia to discuss nonalignment and cooperative economic relations
132
Who led the Chinese Revolution of 1911?
Sun Yat-sen
133
What were the Three Principles of the People established by Sun Yat-sen?
* Nationalism
* Socialism
* Democracy
134
Who established the Kuomintang (KMT)?
Sun Yat-sen
135
Who took over the KMT and continued the civil war against communists?
Chiang Kai-shek
136
What significant event did Mao Zedong lead after driving the KMT to Taiwan?
Established the People's Republic of China
137
What was the Great Leap Forward?
Mao's initiative to create communes and achieve a Marxist state, leading to mass starvation
138
What was the Cultural Revolution?
Mao's campaign to eliminate Western influences and privileged classes
139
Who was the leader after Mao Zedong who focused on economic restructuring?
Deng Xiaoping
140
What was the Tiananmen Square Massacre?
A violent crackdown on pro-democracy protesters in China
141
What led to the division of Korea after WWII?
Soviet and US occupation until stability could be achieved
142
What initiated the Korean War in 1950?
North Korea attacked South Korea
143
What was the outcome of the Vietnam War?
Communist Viet Cong fighters took over South Vietnam
144
What was the Khmer Rouge known for in Cambodia?
Genocide resulting in 2 million deaths
145
What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?
An unsuccessful US-backed invasion to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba
146
What did the Cuban Missile Crisis involve?
Soviet missiles in Cuba leading to a US naval blockade
147
What was the Solidarity movement in Poland?
A workers' movement seeking reform of the communist economic system
148
What event marked the tearing down of the Berlin Wall?
1989
149
Who was the first president of a free South Africa?
Nelson Mandela
150
What did the Balfour Declaration of 1917 state?
Jewish people had the right to live in Palestine
151
What was the Iranian Revolution of 1979?
The overthrow of the shah and establishment of a theocracy
152
What is OPEC?
A petroleum cartel formed by oil-exporting nations
153
What event marked the beginning of the Gulf War?
Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990
154
What was the significance of September 11, 2001?
Al Qaeda attacked the US, leading to a war on terrorism
155
Who was Osama bin Laden?
Leader of Al Qaeda, responsible for the September 11 attacks
156
What was the main goal of the Taliban in Afghanistan?
To establish an Islamic fundamentalist regime
157
What was the outcome of the Iraq War starting in 2003?
Saddam Hussein was ousted and a democratic government was formed
158
What major conflict occurred in Rwanda?
Genocide between Hutu and Tutsi groups
159
Who was a safe haven for Osama bin Laden?
Saudi Arabia
## Footnote
Osama bin Laden was the leader of Al Qaeda, an international terrorist network.
160
What event occurred on September 11, 2001?
Al Qaeda attacked the US by hijacking 4 planes
## Footnote
Two planes were flown into the World Trade Center, one into the Pentagon, and one into a field in Pennsylvania, resulting in 3000 deaths.
161
What was the immediate response of the US to the September 11 attacks?
Declared a war on terrorism and invaded Afghanistan
162
What was the main goal of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?
To unite global currency/trade
163
What language became the language of global business and communication?
English
164
What is the Eurozone?
A monetary union formed in 1999 that included all but 3 nations (UK, Sweden, Denmark)
165
Which economies managed to remain stable during the economic crisis in the late 2000s?
Stronger economies like Germany
166
Name a significant example of global pop culture.
Examples include:
* The Olympics
* World Cup Soccer
* Reggae Music
* Bollywood
* Social Media
* McDonald’s
167
What has China developed to become a worldwide production center?
Special economic zones
168
What major global issues do both China and India face despite their economic growth?
Serious problems with poverty and global emissions
169
What does GAFF stand for?
General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade
170
What is the G6?
A forum for the world’s major industrialized democracies
171
What environmental issue has worsened due to human activity?
Global warming
172
What organization works to combat epidemics in countries with poor sanitation?
World Health Organization (WHO)
173
What is a major health crisis affecting 25% of African adults?
AIDS
174
When was the personal computer developed?
In the 1980s
175
How has social media changed information dissemination?
Changed the way information spreads and brought people closer together
176
What is a significant privacy concern associated with the Internet?
Government surveillance and storing of user data
