Ultrasound and phosphophoresis

Question 1

definition: mechanical pressure waves that requires a medium and travels by deformation or vibration

Answer 1

sound waves

Question 2

definition: water soluble gel

Answer 2

medium

Question 3

(true/false) Sound waves at lower frequencies diverge in all directions

Answer 3

true

Question 4

definition: When a crystal generates an electric voltage when mechanically compressed

Answer 4

piezoelectricity

Question 5

definition: When a current is applied to a crystal generates and oscillatory deformation of the crystal

Answer 5

reverse piezoelectric effect

Question 6

definition: the distance between the two peaks in a pressure wave

Answer 6

wavelength

Question 7

The head of an ultrasound is a transducer that converts ___ energy into ___ energy.

Answer 7

electrical, sound

Question 8

definition: the # of cycles per second

Answer 8

frequency

Question 9

definition: the flow of energy in an uninterrupted wave (100% duty)

Answer 9

continuous

Question 10

definition: the flow of energy with periodic interruptions

Answer 10

pulsed

Question 11

What frequency due to use to target a structure >2 cm below the surface of the skin?

Answer 11

1 MHz

Question 12

What frequency do you use if you are targeting a structure 1-2 cm from the surface of the skin?

Answer 12

3 MHz

Question 13

definition: the acoustic power of the ultrasound beam at its highest point that usually occurs within the central 1/3 of the ERA

Answer 13

spatial peak

Question 14

definition: a measure of the avg. acoustic power across the ERA (intensity)

Answer 14

spatial average intensity

Question 15

definition: The surface area of the ultrasound head that is in contact with the skin

Answer 15

effective radiating area (ERA)

Question 16

The ultrasound treatment area should be ___ times the size of the ultrasound head

Answer 16

2x

Question 17

When using an ultrasound, move in circles that are about ___ second each.

Answer 17

1

Question 18

spacial peak intensity : spatial avg. intensity

Answer 18

beam non-uniformity ratio (BNR)

Question 19

What is an acceptable BNR for an ultrasound machine?

Answer 19

6:1

Question 20

The (smaller/larger) the BNR, the more uniform the ultrasound beam will be.

Answer 20

smaller

Question 21

Duty cycle= _____ / _____

Answer 21

on time/off time

Question 22

definition: the material’s ability to transmit sound and is related to molecular density and the material’s structure

Answer 22

acoustical impedance

Question 23

(low/high) impedance is when the transmission of the Ultrasound beam is high and the material absorbs little energy/sound

Answer 23

low

Question 24

(low/high) impedance is when the ultrasound transmission is low and the material absorbs more of the energy

Answer 24

high

Question 25

definition: when the sound wave is bent as opposed to bounce back

Answer 25

refraction

Question 26

definition: when a reflected wave travels back its original path, it can interact with additional sound waves that are coming after it. This can cause an increased intensity

Answer 26

standing wave

Question 27

Standing waves can cause ____.

Answer 27

burns and tissue damage.

Question 28

definition: movements within the cell that alter the cell membrane permeability and cellular activity

Answer 28

microstreaming

Question 29

definition: gas bubbles that compress and expand during ultrasound exposure that contribute to cell membrane changes

Answer 29

cavitation

Question 30

definition: the violent collapse of gas bubbles

Answer 30

unstable cavitation

Question 31

What are the thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound?

Answer 31

microstreaming, cavitation, unstable cavitation

Question 32

What are contraindications for using ultrasound as a modality?

Answer 32

- cardiac pacemakers - pregnancy - moving over epiphyseal plates on children - cancer - infection

Question 33

What are some precautions taken into consideration when using an ultrasound?

Answer 33

- sensory/circulation deficits - communication issues/barriers - metal/plastic implants

Question 34

Bone heats up (slower/faster) than muscle and fat.

Answer 34

faster (*DO NOT GO OVER BONE*)

Question 35

(true/false) you want to use thermal effects in a patient with delayed tissue healing and prolonged inflammation

Answer 35

false (this will actually cause more inflammation)

Question 36

You should use an intensity of ___ W/cm when going over superficial tissues with an ultrasound

Answer 36

0.5

Question 37

definition: a type of modality that is used for irregular surfaces such as ankles and wrists

Answer 37

underwater ultrasound

Question 38

When using an underwater ultrasound, keep the ultrasound head about __-__ cm away from the body part

Answer 38

0.5-3

Question 39

definition: the use of ultrasound waves to deliver medications transdermally

Answer 39

phonophoresis