Understanding Hemodynamics Flashcards
1
Q
Transverse plane
A
Divides the body into top and bottom
Short Axis
2
Q
Sagittal
A
Right and left sections
Longitudinal
3
Q
Frontal/coronal
A
Plane divides the body into front and back
4
Q
Arm
A
Shoulder to elbow
5
Q
Forearm
A
Elbow to Wrist
6
Q
Upper extremity
A
Whole arm limb
7
Q
Lower extremity
A
Leg
8
Q
Thigh
A
Hip to knee
9
Q
Leg
A
knee to ankle
10
Q
Medial
A
Towards the center of the body
11
Q
Lateral
A
Away from the center of the body
12
Q
Proximal
A
Closer to the point of attachment
13
Q
Distal
A
Further away from the point of atatchment
14
Q
Cephalad
A
Towards the head
15
Q
Caudal
A
Towards the feet
16
Q
Superior
A
Upper, towards the head
17
Q
Inferior
A
Below, towards the feet
18
Q
Superficial
A
closer to skin
19
Q
Deep
A
Farther down from the skin
20
Q
Anterior
A
Towards the front of the body
21
Q
Beam
A
An ultrasound emitting from a transducer
22
Q
Plaque
A
Atherosclerotic material builds up in the walls of the arteries, causing most arterial problems
23
Q
Lumen
A
Space inside a vessel, open part of a vessel through which blood flows
24
Q
Stenosis
A
Narrowing of a vessel, usually of an artery, usually caused by atherosclerotic plaque
25
Bifurcation
The point at which the vessels divide or branch
26
what bifurcation is a common site for stenosis
Common carotid artery bifurcation
27
Collateral circulation
alternate pathways of blood flow that become functional in the event of arterial or venous obstruction
28
Embolus
An object traveling through circulation that may lodge in a vessel and cause occlusion
Several types: Air, thrombus, fat, etc
29
Hemodynamics
Study of blood flow characteristics
30
Doppler effect
A shift in frequency caused by motion
Doppler flow blood studies ultrasound is bounced off moving red blood cells; frequency of the ultrasound waves is shifted by the movement of the blood
31
Continuous-wave Doppler
An instrument that continuously transmits Doppler ultrasound with one crystal and continually receives with another crystal
32
Pulsed-Wave Doppler
Doppler ultrasound sent out in discrete bursts/pulses
33
Sample Volume (Gate)
A discrete area of flow assessed with pulsed Doppler. Can be adjusted as well as depth and location along doppler beam
34
Doppler Angle
The angle of the Doppler beam with respect to the direction of the blood flow
Angle of Incidence
35
what is the optimal angle for vascular scanning
45-60 degrees
| past 60 leads to errors in velocity measurement
36
what angle gives the maximum frequency shift?
zero degrees (blood headed straight towards/away from the transducer)
37
Spectral Analysis
Return Doppler signal is broken down into component frequency shifts and amplitudes at those frequencies
38
Velocity
Speed of the blood, calculated from the Doppler frequency shift and the Doppler angle with respect to flow direction
39
what units is velocity expressed in?
Centimeters or meters per second
40
Peak Systolic/end-diastolic frequencies/velocities
Common measurements of the spectral waveform,
41
Where is the peak systolic measurement taken?
The highest point in the waveform
42
Where is the end-diastolic measurement taken?
Just prior to the systolic upstroke
43
Color flow imaging
Display of blood flow based (usually) on frequency shifts contained from a large area instead of from just one sample volume (as with spectral doppler)
44
Gain
Control on the scanner that allows an increase in the strength of the return signal being displayed
45
Proximal Limit/Distal limit
Farthest possible point toward or away from the heart or point of origin
46
Plaque
Singular, usually a commodity
47
Atheroma
collection of material, atheroma is used the same way as plaque
48
Calcific, dense
Characteristic features of certain types of plaque
Show up as bright echoes in the lumen
Dense plaque: no acoustic shadowing
Calcific plaque: Does create acoustic shadowing
49
Soft, fibrous
A characteristic feature of certain types of plaque
| Soft, fibrous plaque creates darker echoes than dense/calcific plaque
50
Intimal Thickening
Thickened walls along the artery, looking a bit like very minimal atheroma
51
Minimal, mild, moderate, moderately severe, severe
Gradations of carotid stenosis
52
Circumferential
Around the entire circumference of the vessel, as opposed to plaque that lies on one side of the wall
53
Extensive
plaque along a lengthy segment of the artery
54
Scattered/diffuse
Plaque found at several levels in the artery
55
True lumen vs. residual lumen
the actual wall of the vessel versus the remaining opening through which blood continues to flow
56
Homogenous vs heterogenous
All of one consistency versus different consistencies or materials used to describe plaque
57
Smooth vs irregular
used to characterize the surface appearance of plaque
58
Crater/Crater-Like in appearance
The shape is most suggestive of ulceration of plaque, scooped-out appearance
59
Occulsion
Complete blockage
60
Laminar
orderly, nonturbulent flow`
61
Sharp vs damped
used to characterize the sound of the Doppler signals as well as the shape of the waveforms
62
Multiphasic vs monophasic
an issue in the extremity arteries
63
What is the normal peripheral flow
Multiphasic
64
what does monophasic suggest
suggest a great deal of energy has been damped out of the flow
65
Antegrade vs retrograde
flow in the expected direction versus flow in the opposite direction
66
Turbulence, spectral broadening, disturbed flow, window filling, gross turbulence
all used to characterize various degrees of flow disturbance as reflected in the spectral analysis
67
elevated velocities (peak systolic and end-dystolic) accelerated flow through the stenosis
used to describe flow through a hemodynamically significant lesion
68
Aliasing
Wrappng around of the spectral waveform that can result from high velocity blood flow
69
what does aliasing suggest?
severe stenosis
70
Patent and compressible (with light/moderate pressure)
characteristics of normal veins
71
coapt
to meet or join
72
Chronic vs acute thrombosis
old versus new thrombosis
73
Recanalized
```
having formed a channel of flow through a thrombus
suggestive of an older clot
maybe partial (small residual lumen and irregular walls) or nearly complete (just a brightly echogenic flap left behind)
```
74
Tail
A free-floating proximal end of a thrombus, suggesting poor attachment and is probably acute (not chronic)
75
Nonocculsive
Obstructed but not totally blocked
76
No evidence of DVT
Phrase for reports
77
Antegrade vs retrograde flow
Forward or reverse flow (issue with color imaging)
78
Map
Assignment of colors for direction and velocity/frequency shift
79
Aliasing (color)
Vecoloties exceed the PRF and wrap around the opposite color on the display
80
Mosaic
Mottled appearance created by turbulent flow-many directions and velocities of flow, creating many colors
81
Jet
A localized area of high velocity flow through and exiting a stenosis
