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behavioral neuroscience > Understanding Others > Flashcards

Understanding Others Flashcards

1
Q

biological motion

A

the complex movement patterns for people/animals

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2
Q

what determines our biological motion

A

skeletal structure; integration of multiple motion signals across space and time

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3
Q

what is the purpose of us perceiving biological motion

A

we need to differentiation between people and objects in a cluttered world.

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4
Q

when do humans develop recognition of biological motion

A

3 months old

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5
Q

what do we need to identify biological motion

A

sparse input; 12 spots representing the body

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6
Q

brain areas important for processing biological motion and differentiating between non and biological motion

A

posterior superior temporal sulcus, fusiform, occipital face areas

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7
Q

what brain areas contribute to human form perception

A

extrastriate body area (EBA) and lateral occipital complex (LOC)

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8
Q

levels (hierarchy) of understanding movement

A

kinematic, motor, goal, intention

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9
Q

kinematic level of motion understanding

A

trajectory and velocity of actions

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10
Q

motor level of motion understanding

A

motor commands and patterns needed to produce kinematics

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11
Q

goal level of motion understanding

A

immediate purpose of action

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12
Q

intention level of motion understanding

A

overall reason for the action

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13
Q

theory of mind

A

ability to represent a person’s mental state in a given context

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14
Q

how do we represent another’s mental state

A

recognize that people have minds, thoughts, desires and feelings. develop our own theory of how other minds work

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15
Q

when do children develop theory of mind

A

around 4 years old; builds on perception of biological motion and goal directed action

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16
Q

theory of mind development

A

develops through adulthood but does not necessarily lead to improved reprenations of others minds.

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17
Q

brain areas involved in representation of theory of mind

A

medial prefrontal cortex (beliefs and goals of others), superior temporal sulcus, precuneus

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18
Q

brain areas in processing ones thoughts vs thoughts of others

A

overlap (same brain areas)

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19
Q

how were brain areas for theory of mind identified

A

PET scan

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20
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan mechanism

A

small amount of radioactive substance into blood stream, more activity in an area will increase blood flow, radioactive substance breaks down ad positrons released, release gamma rays detected by scanner

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21
Q

empathy

A

inferring the feelings of others by generating a similar state in ourselves, while knowing that the cause of our state is the other person

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22
Q

brain areas in empathy network

A

anterior insular, medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus

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23
Q

mirror neurons

A

neurons that respond when a subject performs an action AND when the subject observes someone performing the same action

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24
Q

what intences do mirror neurons NOT respond

A
  • person does not interact with object
  • only the salient/ noticeable object
  • actions mimicked without object
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25
types of mirror neurons
mouth mirror neurons, hand mirror neurons
26
how can mouth motor neurons be communicative
processing nonverbal communication
27
mirror neuron brain areas
premotor cortex and posterior parietal cortex
28
3 hypothesis for where mirror neurons came from
adaptive hypothesis, associative learning hypothesis, Hebbian hypothesis
29
mirror neurons: adaptive hypothesis
born with mirror neurons and selected for through natural selection
30
mirror neurons: associative learning hypothesis
- 2 neurons firing close in time, strengthen synapse -predicted relationship prior to formation of mirror neuron *BOTH
31
mirror neurons: Hebbian learning hypothesis
neurons fire together wire together to form synaptic plasticity
32
action-observer network
a brain network responsible for understanding and processing observed actions, including the intentions and outcomes
33
action-observer network brain areas
(high) inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal cortex, superior temporal sulcus (low)
34
action-observer network higherachy
each cortical area in hierarchy makes predictions about the level below
35
prediction error
difference between prediction from higher level sent to lower level(feedback), and actual representation in the lower level(feedforward)
36
what does feedforward pathway do in action-observer network
refines models for new predictions based on prediction error
37
what area is linked to understanding actions
inferior frtonal gyrus
38
result of lesions in inferiro frontal gryus
deficit understanding others actions
39
prisoners dilemma
a game theory concept illustrating how two individuals, acting in their own self-interest, may fail to achieve a mutually beneficial outcome even when it's in their collective best interest to cooperate
40
prisoner dilemma 2 options
co-op (with other person) deflet (blame other person)
41
how is prisoner's dilemma tested in humans
fake jail time or money scenarios
42
how is prisoner's dilemma tested in non human primates
joystick to indicate choice and different amounts of juice
43
history of co operation observation
increased co operation when there is a history of mutual cooperation *taking history of other person's behavior into account
44
how do neurons encode for your decisions vs others decisions
separate neurons in *anterior cingulate cortex* that encode for either your own current decisions and the opponent’s yet unknown decisions.
45
what results from deactivating/ disrupting processing in the anterior cingulate cortex
less co operation when there is history of the other person co operating; reduced mutually beneficial decisions made
46
what does NOT occur when disrupting processing in the anterior cingulate cortex
no effect on zero sum game (one subject benefits at expense of all others/ no mutually beneficial options)
47
anterior cingulate cortex role in decision making
mutually beneficial decisions
48
4 types of neurons that work in social behavior network
- mirror neurons - neurons responding to others receiving reward - neurons responding to others errors - neurons responding to others (unknown) decisions
49
mirror neurons brain areas
premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex
50
neurons responding to others receiving reward: brain areas
orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex
51
neurons responding to others errors : brain areas
anterior cingulate cortex, BA9 and Pre-SMA
52
neurons responding to others (unknown) decisions: brain areas
anterior cingulate cortex
53
what side of brain is bias towards language processing
left hemisphere
54
important brain areas for language processing
motor cortex(motor control of mouth and lips), angular gyrus, broca's area, wernicke's area, auditory cortex
55
2 pathways between cortical language areas
dorsal and ventral (between (temporal to frontal lobes)
56
dorsal language pathway
supports auditory-motor integration; mapping sound to articulation
57
ventral language pathway
supports mapping and integration of sound to meaning
58
aphasia
deficit in communication
59
brocas aphasia
- damage to motor association cortex of frontal lobe - understand good - trouble speaking (nonfluent, agramatical)
60
Wernicke's aphasia
- damage to posterior temporal lobe - good grammar and speaking - poor comprehension of language
61
anomia
deficit in recalling words or names
62
aphasic arrest
when language is agrammatical or anomia (trouble recalling) presents
63
vocalization/ speech arrest
a speech disorder where a person has difficulty producing the sounds of speech correctly and consistently; due to issues with the motor planning and sequencing of speech movements (motor cortex frontal lobe damage)
64
brain area that contributes to speech timing
broca's area ()damages slows speech down)
65
brain area that contributes to speech quality/ clarity
motor cortex (damage slurs words/harder to understand speech)
66
syntax learning brain activation
- increased hippocampus activity when first learning new syntax - then broca's area activation
67
broca's area function
top down control of vocalization
68
what area effected by increases syntactic complexity
increases syntactic complexity = increases brocas area activity
69
model of spoken word language processing
early auditory processing, auditory word recognition, semantic association, premotor coding, motor control of speech, speech
70
model of spoken word language processing: brain areas
primary auditory cortex, angular gyrus and anterior superior temporal gyrus, inferior frontal cortex, supplementary motor areas, primary motor cortex, speech
71
semantic information
related to meaning
72
syntactic information
related to rules governing sentence structure
73
prisody information
phonological information/ speech rhythms
74
what is the first level/step of auditory sentence processing
acoustic phonetic processor (identify words)
75
model of auditory sentence processing
initial processing -> splits off 1) syntactic structure, grammatical/thematic/semantic relations, integration 2) processing prosody, intonation and accentation -> interpretation
76
auditory language comprehension in right hemisphere
auditory and prosody information
77
auditory language comprehension in left hemisphere
syntax (broca's area), semantic info
78
mechanism for decoding speech via reading neural activity
decode kinematics of speech, decode acoustics, synthesize, decode speech waveform -> speech thought depicted as frequencies of sound
79
what are neurons in anterior cingulate cortex important for
-predicting others response -co-operative social behavior -processing rewards, errors, and decision of others -learning from others
80
what does aphasia effect
ability to express and/or understand both written and verbal language
81
what elements of speech is broca's area involved in
syntax processing, syntax complexity, speech timing

behavioral neuroscience (16 decks)

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