Unidad 2

Question 1

Jeffersonian Period

Answer 1

1801-1809

He had no military grace not was he elite.

His popularity was the trust placed in the people.

Credited for the Luisiana Purchase.

He commisioned Madison to negotiate with France -> beggining the westward expansion. -> guarantee the economic freedom of the United States

He also ordered the expeditions from the Mississippi to the Pacific, which would be key in the conquest of the West.

Question 2

Westward Expansion

Answer 2

Territories belonging to the Spanish Crown and later to Mexico.

Also inhabited by Indian tribes.

Gold rush that attracted thousands of migrants from various regions 1848-1855

American dream.

Question 3

En qué consistió el westward expansion.

Answer 3

Routes

Busiest roads 1857

Fur collector to Oregon

Solve trasnportation problems

Mormon settlements

War against the tribes

Question 4

James Madison

Answer 4

1809-1817

Expert in constitucional law.

More of a reader than a military man.

He continued to expando westward, founding new cities, colleges and churches.

He fought the last war with England in 1812.

Question 5

War of 1812

Answer 5

Against GB

The tension of the embargo continues

English hostilities

British arms trade to Indians via Canada

Law of the seas

Political division with the US

Question 6

Dorothe “Dolley” Dandrigde Payne Todd Madison

Answer 6

Wife of President Madison

Ad hoc First Lady

Outspoken and entusiastic about politics

Question 7

James Monroe

Answer 7

1817-185

The prosperity of the country gave another term to the Republican party.

Cotton crops in the south​

Industries in the East​

New possibilities in the West​

End of the conflict and pro-American sentiment​

American system​

New England was to stand on its own​

“The Era of Good Feelings”

Question 8

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 8

The best-known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. ​

warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.
​
invoked in 1865 when the U.S. government exerted diplomatic and military pressure in support of the Mexican President Benito Juárez.

Question 9

Consolidation of the US

Who?

Answer 9

John Quincy Adams 1825-1829​

Question 10

John Quincy Adams

Answer 10

1825-1829​

He was an unpopular president, with nationalist ideas that were not supported by Congress.

Jackson and his supporters claimed the corruption of elections, so he began his campaign for 1828.​

Both Clay and Jackson sought an alliance with the West, the former to give the president greater popularity but it was the latter who obtained it. ​

The rivalry between Federalists and Anti-Federalists resurfaces with Jackson vs. Adams Quincy and Clay (as with Hamilton and Jefferson)

Question 11

Andrew Jackson

Answer 11

1829-1837​

He had the support of the masses, especially in the South, who were annoyed with the elites in the North. ​

In addition, the Democratic-Republican party was the only one that had survived the post-independence period, which also generated misgivings. ​

He obtained a resounding majority in almost the entire country, defeating Adams Quincy and positioning a new democracy.

Question 12

Cotton Gin

Answer 12

Was a game-changing machine that revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States.

was a mechanical device that could quickly and efficiently separate cotton fibers from their seeds

They used slaves.
Growth of the Southern economy.

Question 13

Country development during the cotton gin

Answer 13

The East and the North wanted to maintain a monopoly on manufacturing and trade with the new states.​

Progress is made with the first railway lines and the steam engine​

The textile industry takes much more strength with new inventions that facilitated manufacturing​

In metallurgy, progress was also made thanks to the presence of coal and iron.​

Question 14

Labor movement

Answer 14

With the industrial development of the time, the need for labor also grew. ​

From 1825 the unions begin to take on greater importance and offer their support to Jackson.​

Question 15

New American thinking during Jackson Administration

Answer 15

The system of government was unique in the country​

It was also a process of intellectual emancipation​

The conquest of the West did not share the romanticism of the European conquerors​

American values reflected in the Constitution, especially states’ rights​

Question 16

The agreement between the Union and the States during Jackson admin

Answer 16

Calhoun, vice president, proposes the “nullification” doctrine that gives the States the possibility of accepting or not the measures enacted in the Federal Congress.​

Thesis of legitimate secession ​

Question 17

Nullification Crisis Jackson Admin

Answer 17

Tariffs imposed by the federal government provoked a reaction in South Carolina that canceled the application of this law. ​

Jackson (who was against the thesis) even threatened to intervene by force in Charleston if they did not accept the law. ​

Clay still had influence in the government, so he pushed for a treaty to progressively lower tariffs.​

It ensued after South Carolina declared the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state. However, courts at the state and federal level, including the U.S. Supreme Court, repeatedly have rejected the theory of nullification by states.

Question 18

Martin Van Buren

Answer 18

1837-1841​
He was the candidate proposed by Jackson. However, the country was now facing several problems:​

Inflation and deficit balance​

Land without buyers​

Cities without inhabitants​

Mortgages without collateral​

CRISIS!!!​

Question 19

Panic of 1837​

Answer 19

It is attributed to Jackson’s policies and his reluctance to trust the banks. ​

​

It would be one of the country’s first financial crises. Originated from inflation and excessive loans by the bank to individuals who could not pay their debts. ​

​

Van Buren was also not involved, due to French laissez-faire thinking which showed the government’s failure to assist the country.

Question 20

William Henry Harrison

Answer 20

1841

He was a military man with little experience in politics and business. But he was the candidate the Whigs were looking for. ​

However, he passes away a month later. ​

Henry Clay seeks power, but Democrat John Tyler (1941–1945).​

Question 21

What was happening in Mexico during 1837

Answer 21

The recent independence from the Spanish Crown had left the country with strong weaknesses, which were evident for the northern neighbor. ​

American farmers began to settle in Texas without authorization, appropriating large amounts of land

Question 22

Slavery in Mexico during 1837

Answer 22

Slavery had been abolished in Mexico, causing scandal by the arrival of the Texans reinserting this treatment. ​

President Santa Anna sought respect for Mexican laws but failed.​

Question 23

General Sam Houston

Answer 23

He achieved the independence of Texas and was elected president. Slavery would be a key point in the negotiation. ​

He sent a letter to Andrew Jackson outlining the Texans’ motives for belonging to the United States.​

Question 24

James K Polk

Answer 24

1845-1849

The annexation of Texas, the status of Oregon, and slavery were contentious issues at this time. Tyler was defeated by the pro-expansionist Democrat.

Question 25

These were his 4 points of Polk

Answer 25

Tariffs reduction​ Independent treasury​ Oregon problem*​ Texas Takeover​

Question 26

Mexican-American war​

Answer 26

There were attempts to negotiate with Mexico for the annexation of Texas from 1844.​ Mexico did not recognize the independence, did not accept the American envoys, but did not try to get Texas back. ​ On May 13, 1846 war was declared against Mexico due to hostilities in American Territory Texas was practically part of the United States, the next intention was to get the Californias. ​ Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott were victorious, they would be the new candidates of the Whig party. ​ Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo recognizes the border of the Rio Grande and the sale of New Mexico and California, for 15 million dollars.

Question 27

Civil Disobedience

Answer 27

Henry David Toreau

Question 28

Civil War Context

Answer 28

Prosperity and industrial advance in the North, especially in New York Irish and German migration. Construction and expansion of railway tracks.

Question 29

Características de Civil War

Answer 29

Industry requires labor ​ Women start working in factories​ Protests begin over working conditions​ Women's Labor Movement​

Question 30

What was happening in the South during the Civil War?

Answer 30

There was economic prosperity​ The kingdom of white gold​ Slavery kept growing​ -> Right to have and buy slaves. Slavery was necessary in both the South and the North.​ However, the South required labor for cultivation​ But they wanted to extend the west and keep slavery

Question 31

Fugitive Slave Law​

Answer 31

It punished slaves who have tried to escape, sometimes even with mutilation or dismemberment. ​ It also condemned those who helped or supported the slaves before, during and after the escape. ​ It allowed slave owners from the South to travel North in order to retrieve their slaves and carry them away without delay.

Question 32

Harriet Tubman

Answer 32

She escaped from slavery in Maryland and helped more than 70 people escape through the Underground Railroad Network that moved slaves to Canada.

Question 33

Harriet Beecher Stowe​

Answer 33

Writer and abolitionist

Question 34

President ​ Abraham Lincoln​

Answer 34

1861-1865 Abolitionist​ He came to power at a time of social crisis​ Divided nation​ The issue of slavery has been on pause for several decades​ Member of the Republican Party (National Union, successor to the Whigs)​

Question 35

Start of the conflict -> Civil War

Answer 35

South Carolina again threatens to leave the Union if slavery is not respected. ​ Virginia and Georgia also take the opportunity to declare themselves against the Union. ​ The Confederate Army is formed​ President Lincoln promises that he will respect slavery but will not allow its expansion.

Question 36

Confederate States during Civil War

Answer 36

States of the South South Carolina- December 20, 1860​ Mississippi- January 9, 1861​ Florida- January 10, 1861​ Alabama- January 11, 1861​ Georgia- January 19, 1861​ Louisiana- January 26, 1861​ Texas- February 1, 1861​ Virginia- April 17, 1861​ Arkansas- May 6, 1861​ North Carolina- May 20, 1861​ Tennessee- June 8, 1861​

Question 37

Characteristics of the Civil War​

Answer 37

2.5 million in the Union Arma​ Abolitionist 800 thousand Confederate Army​ Slaveries

Question 38

Railway during Civil War

Answer 38

Facilitated transportation of​ *Soldiers​ *Reinforcements​ *Ammunition

Question 39

Advances in some industries​ during Civil War

Answer 39

The steel industry and weapons manufacturing was much more intense, and more destructive.​ Minnie bullet that was more lethal and required less time to kill the enemy. In addition to being small, it penetrated the body at short distances and pierced bones** Telegraph and postal service

Question 40

Wounded soldiers during Civil War

Answer 40

Development of medical science​ Development in the area of surgeries​ Development of the sanitary measures and hygiene​ First women as nurses​

Question 41

General Robert E. Lee​

Answer 41

Lee was the one who achieved the victories of the south, he was an excellent leader.​ He was part of the US military since he was young. He did not a university education but obtained the highest levels within the military. ​ ​Slaverist

Question 42

General Lee's Decision

Answer 42

Lee's decision to resign from the Army and join the Confederacy was a significant turning point in the Civil War. It marked the beginning of the conflict, and Lee's leadership would play a crucial role in the Confederate effort. His decision also highlights the deep divisions within the United States at the time, and the complex moral and personal dilemmas that individuals faced during this period.

Question 43

13 Constitutional Amendment​

Answer 43

In 1863 Lincoln declared freedom for all men. ​ He proposes the 13th constitutional amendment and eliminates slavery.​ This also caused many slaves to join the ranks of the Union army to overthrow the Confederates.

Question 44

End of the Civil War

Answer 44

General Ulysses S. Grand would be the one who would achieve the termination of the conflict, despite having offered a halt if they surrendered, the Confederates fought until the end. ​ The last battle was in Texas, where Grant finally defeated General Lee.​ It was 4 years of the Civil War, also known as the War of Secession.

Question 45

Results of Civil War 1861-1865

Answer 45

New weapons but old military tactics, such as field attacks, contributed to the thousands of deaths.​ Advances in the war industry as well as the political, economic and industrial advantage of the North.​ It was the bloodiest war in the history of the United States.

Question 46

Industry and immigration​ after Civil War

Answer 46

The Industrial North​ Slavery disappears​ Border expansion​ Arrival of European migrants​

Question 47

Progress and survival during Civil War

Answer 47

While the railway was spreading throughout the country, for others it represented the struggle for survival. ​ The boom came along with the cowboys, the ranchers, the farmers: the world of the West.

Question 48

Indigenous peoples after Civil War

Answer 48

Worldview​ Loss of land​

Question 49

Environment

Answer 49

Flora and fauna​ The iron horse destroys the bison herds and the prairies​

Question 50

Most important inventors after Civil War

Answer 50

Desde el ferrocarril​ Alexander Graham Bell​ Joseph Glidden​ Thomas Alva Edison​ Nikola Tesla​

Question 51

Invetions after Civil War

Answer 51

The sewing machine​ Cinematography and the world of Hollywood​ Canned food​ Gillette razor blade​ Jazz and blues​ The typewriter​ Photomontage and new printing techniques​ JOURNALISM *Joseph Pullitzer

Question 52

WHAT HAPPENED IN THE US SOCIETY AFTER CIVIL WAR?

Answer 52

The use of weapons was no longer to defend against foreign invasions or conflicts such as the Civil War, but now it was a work tool, to take care of not only properties but also livestock.​ The favorite pistol back then was the Colt 45.​ “God created human, Abe Lincoln may have freed all men, but Sam Colt made them equal”. ​

Question 53

Manifest destiny

Answer 53

It originates from the arrival of the first settlers, it is the thought of having the right to freedom, expansion and happiness, by divine mandate.​ Explained again during the Monroe Doctrine and the America for American

Question 54

Entrance to the 20th century - contradictions​

Answer 54

Expansion under the justification of prosperity and progress: settle and extermination. Advances in science and technology shortened distances and solved problems of everyday like: racism and inequality. The Nation was not looking to participate on the world stage yet.: precautions from the Atlantic and thoughout America.

Question 55

Alfred Thayed Mahan and Geopolitics

Answer 55

He is the first to use the term Middle East in international relations. ​ For him, geopolitics is strategy, shipbuilding should be prioritized, not only commercially, but also military. ​ Promoter of the Panama Canal, of the control of the Gulf of Mexico and of Haiti.

Question 56

What was happening to the world during the entrance to the 20th century?

Answer 56

Inventions and industrialization​ 1 out of every 4 inhabitants of the planet was a subject of the Queen of England, covering Africa, India, etc. ​ Emergence of new powers, such as Holland, Germany, etc. ​ Conflicts in Africa and therefore weakening of England. "The Boers"​ Latin American independence processes​

Question 57

Theodore Roosevelt

Answer 57

1901-1909 Policy "The Big Stick" you have to walk slowly, but with a good stick.​ Secure all your resources​ Mahan's geopolitical thinking continues.​ ​ Arbitration in 1906 with FR and ALEM for Morocco; Immigration Law prohibits entry to Japanese; consolidation of Panama as a country; Financial panic of 1907 by the Stock Market.

Question 58

William Howard Taft

Answer 58

1909-1913 His mandate was influenced by "The Open Door" policy to maintain trade openness in the rest of the world.​ He also followed the “Roosevelt Corollary” trend to initiate economic interventions in Latin America and Asia.​ Taft's foreign policy was "dollar diplomacy" by investing dollars in certain regions of the world, but it did not turn out as expected.

Question 59

Changes in modern life after Civil War

Answer 59

Hollywood Planes Walt Disney Radio

Question 60

Racial segregation​ during entrance of 20th century.

Answer 60

In 1882 Exclusion Act for Chinese immigrants​ In 1907 Agreement between Japan and USA​: In 1913 California Property Law​ Between 1880 and 1930 lynching of Mexicans

Question 61

Woodrow Wilson

Answer 61

Wilsonian Idealism Democrat​ Wilson's 14 Points- Nations League​ Wilsonian Idealism- Intervention in LA​ Peace Agreements after the PGM​ He supported Carranza defeating Huerta​ Prohibition "The Volstead Act"​ 1919 Nobel Peace Prize

Question 62

WHAT DOES WILSONIAN IDEALISM MEAN?

Answer 62

Influenced by the religious activity of Catholics and Protestants at the end of the 19th century​ ​ The defense of the promotion of liberal democracy as a transforming element​: self-identity point of view and in accordance with the American values themselves​ ​ The search for peace​: International law, multilateralism and, above all, international organizations​

Question 63

STAGES OF WILSONIAN IDEALISM​

Answer 63

The interwar period Post World War II The Application of Wilsonian Idealism

Question 64

Crash of 1929

Answer 64

Stock market speculation “price bubble”​ : Stock crash ​ Financial panic and retention of loans by banks​: No liquidity – No investment​, Production - consomption​ Drought due to overexploitation​: Farmer Migration​

Question 65

Black Tuesday

Answer 65

The Wall Street Crash of 1929 was a major American stock market crash that occurred in late 1929.

Question 66

DISSOLUTION OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS​

Answer 66

Rise of fascism and stalinism​ Political realism real-politik resurfaces​ New dimension of Wilson's idealism​: Regional level​ and International level​ Second World War​

Question 67

Second World War​

Answer 67

It begins with the Nazi invasion of Poland during September 1939.​ The United States entered until the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941​ From 1939, President FDR persuaded Congress to repeal the neutrality embargo.​ The participation of General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Question 68

Franklin Delano Roosevelt​

Answer 68

President from 1933 to 1945​ Policies known as “New Deal”

Question 69

Policies known as “New Deal”

Answer 69

Tax policy​ Banking reform​ Monetary reform​ Social programs​ Rural and agriculture programs ​ Housing programs

Question 70

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)​

Answer 70

Created in 1933​ Target: unemployment​ Thousands of jobs were created in the public sector​ Investment

Question 71

Civil Works Administration (CWA)​

Answer 71

Created in 1933​ Purpose of improving the construction and works sector​ Improve salaries​ Public works​ It was very expensive and closed in 1934​

Question 72

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)​

Answer 72

It was created as a Federal Agency to address the housing crisis. The Agency is still in force and is responsible for:​ Regulate the issue of mortgages​ and regulate the conditions of the purchase-sale of houses.

Question 73

Federal Security Agency (FSA)​

Answer 73

1939​ Created in 1939, with the purpose of supervising different government entities​ Social Security​ Federal Education Funds​ Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (Currently FDA)​ It ends in 1953​

Question 74

Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)

Answer 74

Created in 1933 for the issue of housing assistance​ Improvements in the mortgage system​ Delivery of new credits​ Lower interest rates​ Prevented many more people from losing their homes

Question 75

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Answer 75

It was a law created with the purpose of serving the interests of the American working class and intervening in government affairs.​ But it was declared unconstitutional against the separation of powers​

Question 76

Public Works Administration (PWA)​

Answer 76

It was a program that created economic stimulus and jobs during the Great Depression.​ In addition to public sector projects, it also sought to promote the private sector.​ Ended in 1941​

Question 77

Social Security Act (SSA)​

Answer 77

Created in 1935, it had the objective of combating poverty, above all to:​ Elderly people​ People with disabilities​ It is currently the program that manages pensions

Question 78

WW II

Answer 78

1971 following the japanese bombing of pearl harbor, the US declared war on Japan. Three days later, after Germany and Italy declared war on it, the United States became fully engaged in the second world war. ​ U.S. involvement in the Second World War was quickly followed by a massive mobilization effort.​

Question 79

US-Japan

Answer 79

Hysteria and panic towards the Japanese living in the United States.​

Question 80

Mass Mobilization in the US during WWII

Answer 80

Men serving overseas in the nation's armed forces.​ Those who stayed supported the war in whatever mean was available for them.​ Women took jobs inside military-related industries. ​ American citizens participated in rationing programs, as well as recycling and scrap metal drives.​ Joining the military The "home front"

Question 81

What happened with economy during WWII?

Answer 81

The war helped to get the nation's economy back on its feet following the depression.​ Creation of 17 million new jobs during the war:​ workers had the opportunity to pay off old debts, as well as to begin saving some of their earnings.

Question 82

Executive Order 9066 of President FDR

Answer 82

The confinement of Japanese people and families.​ Freezing bank accounts​ Relocation centers​

Question 83

What happened with concentration camps in US after the atomic bomb?

Answer 83

Evacuations and displacements began from 1941 to 1942.​ They were allowed to leave in 1945, but the damage was not repaired and many people committed suicide. ​ They were given a train ticket and $25

Question 84

Japaneses in US post war

Answer 84

Compensation was promised in 1951, but a public apology was only made in 1988.​ Surviving victims were offered money in 1991.​ It is estimated that more than 400 million dollars were lost between savings and confiscated possessions.​

Question 85

Results of WWII in the US

Answer 85

Victory of the allies and US. Japan was the last country to surrender. ​ New ideals of cooperation and common efforts. ​ Strengthening of US-Europe relations. ​ The biggest atomic attack in history.​ WWII trials and organizations

Question 86

Cold War Background​

Answer 86

Second World War​ ​ Postdam Conference​ Division of Germany ​ ​ Yalta Conference ​ International cooperation​ USSR controls Eastern Europe​

Question 87

Initial phase of Cold War

Answer 87

Truman Doctrine​: Marshall Plan, Containment theory​, NATO​ Chinese civil war​: People's Republic of China​, Alliance with the USSR

Question 88

Second phase of Cold War

Answer 88

Proxy wars​: Korean war​ ​ Arms and space race​: Nuclear weapons​ ​ ​ Cuban Missile Crisis​: Cuban Revolution​

Question 89

Thrid phase "Distension"

Answer 89

Relaxation in international relations​: Realpolitik​, National interest at all costs​, Avoid self destruction​ Vietnam conflict: Military failure, Social movements​ Afghanistan conflict​: Soviet intervention​, US military spending and embargo

Question 90

Final phase of the Cold War The 80's

Answer 90

Ronald Reagan takes office​: Anti-communist stance​, Return of containment theory. Promotion of the new neoliberal model​: Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister of the UK​, Trade opening and market liberalization​ Fall of communism​: Soviet economic stagnation, Reunification of Germany, Disintegration of the USSR

Question 91

New threats to global stability​ after cold war

Answer 91

The victory of the West: Francis Fukuyama​, The end of history and the last man. New International relations: Samuel P Huntington​, The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order​

Question 92

Dissolution of the URSS

Answer 92

“The threat of a world ​ war is no more. Mikhail Gorbachev​ In his resignation speech on December 25, 1991. ​ This meant the end of the USSR and the Cold War.