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Psych Ap Test > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

1
Q

Perspectives in psychology

A

Different ways of understanding and explaining human behavior and mental process

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2
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Explorers how unconscious drives, conflicts and childhood experiences shape behavior

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3
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focuses on how observable behaviors are learned through interaction of environment

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4
Q

Humanistic

A

Emphasizes personal growth, free will, and the concept of self actualization

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5
Q

Cognitive

A

Examines internal mental processes, such as thinking, memory and problem-solving

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6
Q

Biological

A

Studies behavior of humans and animals

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7
Q

Evolutionary

A

How behavior and mental processes serve as adaptions for survival and reproduction

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8
Q

Sociocultural

A

Analyzes how culture, social norms, and social environment influence behavior

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

Combined, biological, psychological, and social factors to provide an understanding of human behavior

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10
Q

Objective

A

Applies a psychological perspective to explain peoples behavior in emotional challenges

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11
Q

Psychology

A

The study of mental processes and behavior

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12
Q

Mental processes

A

How we think

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13
Q

Behavior

A

What we do

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14
Q

Confirmation bias

A

When people tend to look for information, that confirms what they already believe

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15
Q

Hindsight bias

A

People believe that they knew something was going to happen before it did. Even if they didn’t

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16
Q

Overconfidence

A

When people think they know more than actually do

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17
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Information that is obtained through observation, experimentation, or measurement

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18
Q

Scientific method

A

How psychologist develop theories and test hypothesis

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19
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable prediction, or educated, guess about the relationship between two variables

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20
Q

Falsifiable

A

A hypothesis that can be tested, and potentially proven as false through an observation or experimentation

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21
Q

Peer review

A

Articles in studies or a valuated by experts before they were published in academic journals

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22
Q

Replication

A

Repeating a research study to see if it’s findings can constantly be observed

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23
Q

Reliability

A

When I measure or test produces consistent results

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24
Q

Validity

A

Testing, if a study or measurement is measuring what is intended to

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25
The American psychological association (apa)
Advances the field of psychology and promotes application of psychological knowledge
26
Quantitive data
Number based information gathered from surveys test or experiments
27
Qualitative data
Information collected through interviews or observations, focusing on peoples experiences and behaviors
28
Likert scales
Taking a survey that says “I agree, disagree” etc.
29
Structured interviews
Predetermined questions are asked to all participants in the same order
30
Wording effect
Subtle changes in the wording of survey questions to influence responses
31
Social desirability bias
Individuals tend to respond in a way that is favorably viewed by others
32
Naturalistic observation
Researchers, observe, and record behavior in real world settings without manipulation
33
Case study
In-depth examination of an individual, a group, or a phenomenon
34
Correlational research
Examining the relationship between two or more variables. It won’t establish causation between variables.
35
Third variable problem
And unmeasured third variable may be influencing the relationship between two variables of interest
36
Scatterplot
A visual representation to display the relationship between two variables
37
Correlation coefficient
Qualifies the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The symbol is R and ranges from -1 to +1 The closer it is to -1 or +1 the stronger the relationship between the variables If no line is made there’s no correlation
38
Positive correlation
The line starts at the origin of the graph
39
Negative correlation
The line starts the opposite direction of the origin
40
Experimental method
Investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between variables
41
Independent variable
The variable, that the researcher changes or manipulates during an experiment Manipulated
42
Dependent variable
The variable that is observed and measured. Measured
43
Confounding variables
Variable that wasn’t accounted for or controlled during a study
44
45
Operational definitions
Shows how a researcher measures and manipulated variables in a study
46
Experimental group
The group that’s exposed to the independent variable
47
Control group
Group not exposed to independent variable
48
Random assignment
Randomly assigning participants in a group to an experiment
49
50
Placebo effect
Seeing improvement in mental health from telling yourself something that is untrue
51
Experimenter bias
Researchers expectations about the outcome of a study influences the results
52
Single blind study
Participants of a study don’t know if they’re control group or experimental
53
Double blind study
Participants and researcher doesn’t know what group is control and which is experimental
54
Placebo condition
(Control group) doesn’t receive treatment and the other does
55
Sample
Small group that represents a larger group in a study
56
Representative sample
Individuals selected from a larger population that reflects demographics, characteristics, and diversity of that population
57
Random sample
Each person gets same probability of being included in study
58
Sample bias
When a sample is not representative of the larger population
59
Generalizability
Research findings from a sample can be obtained from a sample which can be applied to larger population
60
Statistics
Data collected from research studies
61
Descriptive statistics
Numerical measures that summarize the characteristics of a dataset
62
Inferential statistics
Uses data from a sample to make inferences about a larger population
63
Measures of central
Statistical tools used to describe central/average value of a dataset
64
Mean
Average value of a data set
65
Median
Middle value of a data set Once set of number is in accessing order, find the number in the middle 10.15,20,25,30 Median =20
66
Mode
Most frequent number in data set 10,12,14,12.15 Mode=12
67
Range
Difference between highest and lowest value of dataset Subtract smallest number from largest 10,12,15,20 Range=10
68
Normal curve or bell curve
69
Regression to the mean
When scores get closed to average once measured again
70
Positive skew
Data clusters on left side of graph, tail goes to right
71
Negative skew
Cluster of data on the right of graph, tail does to left
72
Standard deviation
A way to measure how close or far numbers are in a group
73
Percentile rank
Indicates the percentage of scores in distribution that’s equal to or below the value
74
Bio modal distribution
When there are two peaks on a graph
75
Statistical significance
The likelihood that observed results in a research study are not due to chance
76
Effect sizes
Large size indicates indapendent variable impacts the dependent variable Small effect size shoes there’s limited effect on dependent variable
77
78
Meta analysis
Combined data from different studies to increase sample size
79
Institutional review boards (IRBs)
They’re responsible for approving research proposals and making sure they meets ethical standards
80
Protect participants from harm
Minimizing risks to ensure well being of the participants
81
Informed consent
Individuals voluntarily agree to participate in a research study
82
Informed assent
Applies to research involving children or individuals with cognitive impairments or developmental disabilities
83
Confidentiality
84
Deception
Misleading participants about the true purpose of a study
85
Confederates
People that are a part of a study, but they’re actually working in the collaboration, while being unaware of the true purpose of a study
86
Debriefing
Providing participants information about the true purpose of the study, immediately after their participation
87
Article analysis question(AAQ)
Identifying research elements
88
Evidence based question
Propose claim about topic and provide evidence
89
Defensible claim
Viewpoint supported by evidence or reasoning
90
Evidence
The proof behind your claim

Psych Ap Test (10 decks)

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