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Biology 222 > Unit 0 > Flashcards

Unit 0 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

structure of brain

A 
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia 
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus 
hypothalamus
cerebellum
midbrain
pons
medulla
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3
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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4
Q

PNS

A

nerves and ganglia

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5
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons

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6
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cells

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7
Q

coronal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis

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8
Q

sagittal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the medial-lateral axis

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9
Q

horizontal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis

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10
Q

axon

A

neuronal process that extends far past the cell body
delivers info
the transmission component of a neuron

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11
Q

dendrite

A

neuronal process that is close to the soma
receives info
is one of the receptive components of a neuron

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12
Q

dendritic spine

A

structure on a dendrite that functions in cell-cell info transfer

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13
Q

major types of glia

A

oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes
microglia

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14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glia that forms myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

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15
Q

astrocyte

A

glia that are key in development and regulation of neuronal communication

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16
Q

microglia

A

glia that engulf damaged cells and debris and reorganize neuronal connections
the immune cells of the nervous system

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17
Q

white matter

A

oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons

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18
Q

gray matter

A 
neuronal cell bodies
dendrites
axon terminals
neural connections
astrocytes
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19
Q

cell theory

A

all living organisms are composed of cells as basic units

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20
Q

reticular theory

A

a net of nerve cells make up the working unit of the nervous system
disproved by the neuron doctrine

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21
Q

Golgi staining method

A

neural tissue soaks in silver and potassium dichromate solution in the dark
a small number of nerve cells obtain black precipitates
the entire nerve cell is visible in its native tissue
allowed the entire morphology of individual neurons to be seen for the first time

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22
Q

neuron doctrine

A

neuronal processes form intimate contact with each other, with communication between distinct neurons occurring at synapses

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23
Q

synapse

A

site where info is transferred from one neuron to another neuron or muscle cell

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24
Q

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

A

primarily developed the neuron doctrine
concluded that individual neurons are embryologically, structurally, and functionally independent units of the nervous system

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25
Camillo Golgi
discovered the Golgi staining method
26
Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
developed the cell theory in 1938
27
growth cone
structure that leads developing neuronal processes to their final destinations
28
electron microscopy
technique allowing visualization of structures with nanometer resolution observations with it proved that neuronal processes don't fuse with each other
29
chemical synapse
junction where communication between neurons is controlled by neurotransmitter release
30
synaptic cleft
space that separates a neuron from another neuron or muscle cell
31
synaptic vesicle
fuses with the plasma membrane when stimulated and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft located in the presynaptic terminal of a neuron
32
postsynaptic specialization
structure that is enriched neurotransmitter receptors
33
gap junction
channel formed by each neuron contributing protein subunits to form a pathway linking their cytoplasms macromolecules can't pass through them
34
pyramidal neuron
has pyramidal cell body with an apical dendrite and several dendrites with extensive branching
35
electrical synapse
cell-cell junction enriched in gap junction channels allowing ions and small molecules to travel from neuron to neuron
36
basket cell
neuron that wraps its axon terminals around the cell bodies of Purkinje cells
37
Purkinje cells
pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex
38
motor neuron
neuron that extends dendrites within the spinal cord and projects its axon out of the spinal cord into the muscle
39
sensory neuron
extends a single process that splits into a peripheral axon with terminal endings and central axon that projects into the spinal cord
40
multipolar
neuron that has multiple dendrites and an axon
41
bipolar
neuron that has one dendrite and one axon
42
pseudounipolar
neuron that has one process that splits into peripheral and central branches
43
theory of dynamic polarization
the transmission of neuronal signal takes place from the dendrites and cell bodies to the axon
44
unipolar
neuron with a single process that ends with dendritic and axonal branches occasionally the same branches can send and receive info
45
what every neuron has
receptive component transmission component effector component
46
receptive component
cell body and dendrites
47
effector component
axon terminals
48
sensory system
info flows from the sensory organs to the brain
49
motor system
info flows from the CNS to the periphery
50
what the ideal aminal model has
simple genome short generation time complex brain functions easily identifiable neurons
51
why invertebrates are used as models for research
small number of neurons large size stereotyped arrangement
52
connectome
a representation of the complete set of synaptic connections among a group of neurons
53
ethical practices for research
replace animals with non-aminal systems whenever possible use the smallest number of animals necessary to obtain the desire info use all possible methods to minimize pain and distress to animal models
54
Remak schwann cells
glia that segregate individual axons in unmyelinated neurons cytoplasms extend in between individual axons to form a Remak bundle
55
type III neuregulin-1
Nrgl-III | axon cell surface protein that helps determine the degree of myelination in PNS
56
demyelinating disease
disease where damage to the myelin sheath decreases resistance between nodes of Ranvier and disrupts organization of ion channels in the nodal region
57
multiple sclerosis
disorder where immune cell attack of myelin causes inflammatory plaques in white matter most common demyelinating disease in CNS
58
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
CMT inherited disorder that causes age-progressive deficits in sensation or movement where distal limbs have the most severe deficits most common demyelinating disease in PNS
59
CMT1A
disease that results from duplication of the Pmp22 gene, causing over expression of the peripheral myelin protein
60
CMT1B
disease that results from mutation in the Mpz gene, causing defective myelin and axons, and myelin degeneration
61
myelin protein zero
Mpz | transmembrane protein in Schwann cells that regulates the joining of membranes
62
CMT1X
disease caused by a mutation in the Gjb1 gene
63
Gjb1
gene that encodes gap junction channels
64
Schwann cells
glia that forms myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

Biology 222 (3 decks)

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