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Flashcards in Unit 0 Deck (64)
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1
Q

CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

2
Q

structure of brain

A
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia 
hippocampus
amygdala
thalamus 
hypothalamus
cerebellum
midbrain
pons
medulla
3
Q

brain stem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

4
Q

PNS

A

nerves and ganglia

5
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons

6
Q

ganglia

A

clusters of nerve cells

7
Q

coronal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis

8
Q

sagittal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the medial-lateral axis

9
Q

horizontal sections

A

section planes perpendicular to the dorsal-ventral axis

10
Q

axon

A

neuronal process that extends far past the cell body
delivers info
the transmission component of a neuron

11
Q

dendrite

A

neuronal process that is close to the soma
receives info
is one of the receptive components of a neuron

12
Q

dendritic spine

A

structure on a dendrite that functions in cell-cell info transfer

13
Q

major types of glia

A

oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
astrocytes
microglia

14
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

glia that forms myelin sheath around axons in the CNS

15
Q

astrocyte

A

glia that are key in development and regulation of neuronal communication

16
Q

microglia

A

glia that engulf damaged cells and debris and reorganize neuronal connections
the immune cells of the nervous system

17
Q

white matter

A

oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons

18
Q

gray matter

A
neuronal cell bodies
dendrites
axon terminals
neural connections
astrocytes
19
Q

cell theory

A

all living organisms are composed of cells as basic units

20
Q

reticular theory

A

a net of nerve cells make up the working unit of the nervous system
disproved by the neuron doctrine

21
Q

Golgi staining method

A

neural tissue soaks in silver and potassium dichromate solution in the dark
a small number of nerve cells obtain black precipitates
the entire nerve cell is visible in its native tissue
allowed the entire morphology of individual neurons to be seen for the first time

22
Q

neuron doctrine

A

neuronal processes form intimate contact with each other, with communication between distinct neurons occurring at synapses

23
Q

synapse

A

site where info is transferred from one neuron to another neuron or muscle cell

24
Q

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

A

primarily developed the neuron doctrine
concluded that individual neurons are embryologically, structurally, and functionally independent units of the nervous system

25
Q

Camillo Golgi

A

discovered the Golgi staining method

26
Q

Matthais Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

A

developed the cell theory in 1938

27
Q

growth cone

A

structure that leads developing neuronal processes to their final destinations

28
Q

electron microscopy

A

technique allowing visualization of structures with nanometer resolution
observations with it proved that neuronal processes don’t fuse with each other

29
Q

chemical synapse

A

junction where communication between neurons is controlled by neurotransmitter release

30
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space that separates a neuron from another neuron or muscle cell

31
Q

synaptic vesicle

A

fuses with the plasma membrane when stimulated and releases neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft
located in the presynaptic terminal of a neuron

32
Q

postsynaptic specialization

A

structure that is enriched neurotransmitter receptors

33
Q

gap junction

A

channel formed by each neuron contributing protein subunits to form a pathway linking their cytoplasms
macromolecules can’t pass through them

34
Q

pyramidal neuron

A

has pyramidal cell body with an apical dendrite and several dendrites with extensive branching

35
Q

electrical synapse

A

cell-cell junction enriched in gap junction channels allowing ions and small molecules to travel from neuron to neuron

36
Q

basket cell

A

neuron that wraps its axon terminals around the cell bodies of Purkinje cells

37
Q

Purkinje cells

A

pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex

38
Q

motor neuron

A

neuron that extends dendrites within the spinal cord and projects its axon out of the spinal cord into the muscle

39
Q

sensory neuron

A

extends a single process that splits into a peripheral axon with terminal endings and central axon that projects into the spinal cord

40
Q

multipolar

A

neuron that has multiple dendrites and an axon

41
Q

bipolar

A

neuron that has one dendrite and one axon

42
Q

pseudounipolar

A

neuron that has one process that splits into peripheral and central branches

43
Q

theory of dynamic polarization

A

the transmission of neuronal signal takes place from the dendrites and cell bodies to the axon

44
Q

unipolar

A

neuron with a single process that ends with dendritic and axonal branches
occasionally the same branches can send and receive info

45
Q

what every neuron has

A

receptive component
transmission component
effector component

46
Q

receptive component

A

cell body and dendrites

47
Q

effector component

A

axon terminals

48
Q

sensory system

A

info flows from the sensory organs to the brain

49
Q

motor system

A

info flows from the CNS to the periphery

50
Q

what the ideal aminal model has

A

simple genome
short generation time
complex brain functions
easily identifiable neurons

51
Q

why invertebrates are used as models for research

A

small number of neurons
large size
stereotyped arrangement

52
Q

connectome

A

a representation of the complete set of synaptic connections among a group of neurons

53
Q

ethical practices for research

A

replace animals with non-aminal systems whenever possible
use the smallest number of animals necessary to obtain the desire info
use all possible methods to minimize pain and distress to animal models

54
Q

Remak schwann cells

A

glia that segregate individual axons in unmyelinated neurons
cytoplasms extend in between individual axons to form a Remak bundle

55
Q

type III neuregulin-1

A

Nrgl-III

axon cell surface protein that helps determine the degree of myelination in PNS

56
Q

demyelinating disease

A

disease where damage to the myelin sheath decreases resistance between nodes of Ranvier and disrupts organization of ion channels in the nodal region

57
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disorder where immune cell attack of myelin causes inflammatory plaques in white matter
most common demyelinating disease in CNS

58
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

A

CMT
inherited disorder that causes age-progressive deficits in sensation or movement where distal limbs have the most severe deficits
most common demyelinating disease in PNS

59
Q

CMT1A

A

disease that results from duplication of the Pmp22 gene, causing over expression of the peripheral myelin protein

60
Q

CMT1B

A

disease that results from mutation in the Mpz gene, causing defective myelin and axons, and myelin degeneration

61
Q

myelin protein zero

A

Mpz

transmembrane protein in Schwann cells that regulates the joining of membranes

62
Q

CMT1X

A

disease caused by a mutation in the Gjb1 gene

63
Q

Gjb1

A

gene that encodes gap junction channels

64
Q

Schwann cells

A

glia that forms myelin sheath around axons in the CNS