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AP Psychology > Unit 0 - All Vocab > Flashcards

Unit 0 - All Vocab Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest score in a set of data

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2
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship

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3
Q

Causation

A

When one trait or behavior tends to cause another

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4
Q

Correlation

A

When one thing happens because of another

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5
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

A statistical index of the relationship between two things (ranges from -1 to +1)

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6
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occuring score(s) in a set of data

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7
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a set of data

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8
Q

Mean

A

The average number in a set of data

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

Combines biological, psychological and social-cultural viewpoints

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10
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

How we achieve personal growth and self-fulfillment

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11
Q

Psychodynamic Psychology

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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12
Q

Social-cultural Psychology

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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13
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits had promoted the survival of genes

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14
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

How poeple encode, process, store and retrieve information

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15
Q

Biological Psychology

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories and sensory experiences. How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences.

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16
Q

Behavioral Psychology

A

How we learn observable responses

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17
Q

Case Study

A

A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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18
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

A descriptive technique for recording/observing behavior in naturally occuring situations without control or manipulation

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19
Q

Survey

A

A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group usually by questioning a random sample

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20
Q

Longitudinal Study

A

A study of people over their lifetime

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21
Q

Cross-sectional Study

A

A study of multiple poeple from different ages

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22
Q

Meta Analysis

A

Combining the results of a number of different reports to create a single, more precise estimate/finding

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23
Q

Experiment

A

A researcher manipulates one or more variables to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. Only thing to establish cause and effect through random assignment.

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24
Q

Hawthorne Effect

A

People will change their behavior when they know they are being observed (tied to naturalistic observation)

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25
Confirmation Bias
The tendency to search, interpret, and recall information in a way that aligns with our preexisting values, opinions or beliefs.
26
Self-report Bias
Selective revealing or suppression of information (usually by survey respondents)
27
Social Desirability Bias
The tendency for survey respondents to answer questions in a way they think will be favorably viewed by others
28
Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe - after learning the outcome - one would have foreseen it ("I knew it all along")
29
Overconfidence
People tend to be more confident than they are correct
30
Perceiving Order in Random Events
Random sequences often don't look random
31
Informed Assent
Consent process when minor is under 18 (must have parental permission)
32
Informed Consent
Giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate
33
Debriefing
Post-experimental explanation of study (purpose and deceptions)
34
Hypothesis
A testable prediction often based off a theory
35
Theory
A set of ideas that predicts behaviors and events
36
Falsifiable
When a hypothesis can be proven false
37
Operational Definitions
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study
38
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study - different principles and situations - to see whether the basic finding can be reproduced
39
Dependent Variable
The outcome that is measured
40
Independent Variable
The factor that is manipulated
41
Variable
Anything that can vary and is feasible/ethical to measure
42
Confounding Variable
A factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a studies results
43
Control Group
The group not exposed to the treatment that serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
44
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment
45
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance
46
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has equal chance of inclusion
47
Population
All those in a group from which samples may be drawn
48
Sampling Bias
A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample
49
Placebo Effect
Experimental results caused by expectation alone - effect from which recipient assumes is an active agent
50
Double-blind Procedure
Neither the researcher or the participants knows whether they received the treatment or the placebo
51
Scatterplot
A graphed cluster of dots, each representing the value of two variables. The “slope” suggests correlation
52
Histogram
A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution
53
Regression Toward the Mean
The tendency for extreme or unusual scores/events to fall back (regress) toward average
54
Percentile Rank
The percentage of scores in a distribution that are equal to or lower than a specific score
55
Effect Size
Measure of meaningfulness in an experiment (How much of an impact?)
56
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
57
Inferential Statistics
Numerical data allowing one to infer the probability of something being true for a population
58
Descriptive Statistics
Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation
59
Skewed Distribution
Scores lacking symmetry around average (positive and negative skew)
60
Standard Deviation
How much scores vary around the mean score
61
Normal Curve
A symmetrical, bell shaped curve

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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