Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL2500 > Unit 01: Cell Division > Flashcards

Unit 01: Cell Division Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Who first determined patterns of heredity in his experiments with pea plants?

A

Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who first identified DNA (called it nuclein)?

A

Miescher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who proposed the chromosome theory of heredity?

A

Sutton and Bovery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

who confirmed the chromosome theory of heredity?

A

Morgan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

who showed that x-rays induce mutations?

A

muller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who showed that hereditary information is contained in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells?

A

hammerling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

who transformed non pathogenic bacteria into pathogenic bacteria?

A

griffith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

who demonstrated genetic recombination in corn?

A

mcclintock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

who described the “one gene one enzyme” hypothesis?

A

beadle and tatum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

who showed that dna is the transforming principle responsible for heredity?

A

avery, mcleod and mccarty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who discovered that A = T and C = G?

A

chargaff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who used radioactive labelling to prove that DNA is responsible for heredity?

A

hershey and chase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who proposed the double helix structure of DNA?

A

watson and crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

who proposed the existence of mRNA?

A

jacob and monod

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

when was the first human genome sequenced?

A

2001

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is cytoplasmic inheritance? what does it involve?

A

the transmission of genetic material outside of nucleus. largely involves mitochondria and chloroplasts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the 3 main subdisciplines of genetics?

A

transmission, evolutionary and molecular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does transmission genetics encompass?

A

the transmission of traits and characteristics between successive generations (mendelian genetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does evolutionary genetics encompass?

A

origins and genetic relationships between organisms and the evolution of traits and genomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does molecular genetics encompass?

A

inheritance and variation in nucleic acids, proteins, and genomes, connecting them to the variation/evolution of traits.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are model organisms?

A

species that are studied with the presumption that the knowledge gained can be applied to other similar species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what makes a good model organism?

A

small size, small genome, large numbers of offspring, short generation times.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are some examples of model organisms?

A
  • e. coli (bacterium)
  • drosophila (fruit fly)
  • arabadopsis (thale cress)
  • c. elegans (round worm)
  • neurospora (fungus)
  • mus musculus (mouse)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which organisms are typically diploid?

A

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
which organisms are typically haploid?
bacteria, algae and fungi
26
which organisms can be polyploid?
plants and some animals
27
Describe the phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase; comprised of G1, S and G2 phase (gene expression, occurs therefore interphase is not a rest phase) Mitosis; cell divison
28
What occurs in the G1 phase?
gene expression is very high; - synthesizing many proteins and enzymes needed for dna replication - producing organelles
29
what occurs in the S phase?
DNA replication! - DNA content doubles by doubling chromosome #
30
what occurs in the G2 phase?
cell prepares to divide! cell checks that DNA duplicated without error
31
what is the G0 phase?
a resting phase! when cells are not actively preparing to divide
32
describe the G1 checkpoint.
- at the end of the G1 phase - checks to see if cell size and nutrients are adequate, and if there are growth factors present.
33
describe the S-phase checkpoint.
- checkpoint during S-phase - checks that DNA replication is complete an that there are no errors
34
describe the G2 checkpoint.
- at end of G2 phase - checks that cell size is adequate and that chromosome replication is complete.
35
describe the metaphase checkpoint.
- occurs at end of metaphase of mitosis - ensures that chromosomes are attached to mitotic spindle
36
what can mutations that enter the cell cycle cause?
cancer, other disease
37
describe how the cell looks like during interphase (after G2)
-chromosomes loose in euchromatin, not visible - chromosomes duplicated - nuclear envelope encloses nucleus - centrosomes in cytoplasm - microtubules begin to extend
38
describe prophase of mitosis.
- chromosomes begin to condense (heterochromatin) and become visible - can see that sister chromatids are attached at centromeres - centrosomes move to opposite poles - microtubules extend from centrosomes to form mitotic spindle - nucleolus disappears
39
describe prometaphase of mitosis.
- nuclear envelope breaks down - mitotic spindle attaches to kinetochores of sister chromatids - microtubules begin pull in opposing directions - chromosomes begin to move to center of cell - cohesion proteins bind sister chromatids together, preventing premature separation. - non kinetochore and astral microtubules stabilize cell
40
describe metaphase of mitosis.
- chromosomes fully condensed - chromosomes align to metaphasic plate - sister chromatids are still attached to kinetochore microtubules extending from centrosomes. - mitotic spindle fully developed
41
describe anaphase of mitosis.
- sister chromatids separate - daughter crhomosomes move to opposite poles and congregate at centrosomes - nonkinetochore and astral microtubules polymerize, elongating cell
42
what is the process of sister chomatids seperating called?
disjunction
43
how does disjunction work?
- cohesion proteins break down - kinetochore microtubules depolymerize, shortening
44
describe telophase and cytokinesis of mitosis.
- nonkinetochore microtubules continue polymerizing, elongating cell - nuclear envelope redevelops - chromosomes decondense - cytokinesis divides cytoplasmic contents equally between daughter cells - nucleolus reforms
45
how does cytokinesis work in plants?
- cell plate is formed between daughter cells
46
how does cytokinesis work in animals?
- forms a contractile ring and cleavage furrows in animals.
47
what is the difference between cytokinesis and karyokinesis?
cytokinesis - splitting of cytoplasm karyokinesis - splitting of nucleus
48
describe the fluctuation of the amount of DNA in a cell throughout the cell cycle.
in s phase, amount of DNA is increasing from original amount in G1 phase until we get to double the amount in G1 in G2 we have double the amount of DNA that we started with throughout. through mitosis, the DNA gradually decreases back to the original amount.
49
Describe the reduction division of meiosis.
During meiosis 1, when during anaphase 1 the ploidy reduces
50
Describe the equational division of meiosis.
During anaphase 2 when the chromatids are equally split between 4 daughter cells
51
What are the 3 hallmark events of meiosis 1?
1. homologous chromosomes pair up 2. crossing over between homologous chromosomes 3. segregation of homologous chromosomes (reduction division)
52
What are the 5 stages of prophase 1 in order?
Leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis
53
Describe the leptotene stage of prophase 1
- chromosomes condense into long threads - centrosomes migrate to poles - spindle fibers produced
54
Describe the zygotene stage of prophase 1
- chromosomes continue condensing and start to form pairs - formation of synaptonemal complex held together by cohesion proteins - meiotic spindle forms - nuclear envelope begins to break down
55
Describe the pachytene stage of prophase 1
- synapsed homologs seen as tetrads - chromosome condensation partially complete - crossing over between non-sister chromatids at chiasmata - microtubules attach to kinetochores
56
Describe the diplotene stage of prophase 1
- crossing over complete - synaptonemal complex dissolves but chiasmata remains - chromosomes completely condensed - nuclear envelope completely issolved
57
Describe the diakinesis stage of prophase 1
- meiotic spindle established - homologous chromosomes tethered to poles via spindle fibers - nuclear envelope fully degraded - tetrads move towards middle of cell
58
when is the chiasmata linking sister chromatids broken?
metaphase 1
59
when does independent assortment occur in meiosis?
metaphase 1
60
which formula quantifies the number of possible combinations of chromosomes?
2^(n-1) where n = number of homologous pairs
61
what is interkinesis? why does it happen?
- when the nuclear envelope reforms and the cell reenters interphase in between meiosis 1 and 2 - don't know why it happens but we know it is species specific
62
which microtubules elongate the cell when they polymerize?
non-kinetochore
63

BIOL2500 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions