UNIT#02 BIO-ENERGETICS Flashcards
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is:
Rubisco
The products of photosynthesis in green plants are:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
An incorrect statement for photosynthesis is:
The quantitative study of energy relationship in the biological system is:
Bioenergetics
A kind of chemical link between anabolism and catabolism:
ATP
Oxygen released during photosynthesis comes from:
Water
NADH is oxidized during:
Lactic acid fermentation
Which of the following can perform anaerobic respiration?
➡Bacteria
➡Yeast
➡Skeletal Muscles
The amount of energy extracted from glucose molecules during respiration without oxygen is:
2%
The final fate of glucose in yeast when it is deprived of oxygen:
Alcohol
In cellular respiration, the product formed as a result of the release of energy:
ATP
Cellular respiration is directly involved in the production of:
Energy
Respiration is the universal process by which organisms break down complex compounds containing:
Carbon
In which process/processes stored energy in carbohydrates is released:
Respiration
The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment is called:
External Respiration
End products of anaerobic respiration in yeast:
➡Ethyl Alcohol
➡CO2
The compound formed during muscle fatigue is:
Lactic acid
C3H6O3
During extreme physiological activities, which form of anaerobic respiration occurs in muscle cells and other animals?
Lactic acid fermentation
The amount of glucose in ATP during anaerobic respiration:
2%
The breaking of the terminal phosphate of ATP releases energy of about:
7.3 KCal
Fermentation products produced by the yeast are:
➡Ethyl alcohol
➡Yeast
In aerobic respiration, only ____ % of energy present within the chemical bond of glucose is converted into ATP.
2
In which of the following component of the body, does lactic acid fermentation takes place?
Muscles
In alcoholic fermentation pyruvic acid is broken down into:
Ethyl alcohol
Pyruvate is broken down to ___ in yeast.
Alcohol
Lactic acid is produced as a result of:
Anaerobic Respiration
Which of the following is not respiration?
Formation of glucose
During respiratory chain o cellular respiration, cytochrome c oxidizes:
Cytochrome b
(Co-enzyme Q ➡Cytochrome b➡Cytochrome c)
Reduction Chain
Which of the following is the final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain?
Oxygen
The electron transport chain in mitochondria is used to:
Create proton gradient
Which of the following types of mammalian cells does not carry out oxidative phosphorylation?
Erythrocytes
Lack mitochondria
The stage of cellular respiration producing maximum ATP:
Chemiosmosis
ATP formation through oxidative phosphorylation involves:
Chemiosmosis
In the respiratory chain, NADH is oxidized by:
Coenzyme Q
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Mitochondrion
The correct sequence of cytochromes (Cyto-), the electron transport intermediate in ETC is:
Cyto-b ➡Cyto-c ➡Cyto-α ➡Cyto-α3
During the respiratory chain coenzyme, Q is oxidized by:
Cytochrome b
In mitochondria the pumping of protons (Chemiosmosis) is across the:
Inner Membrane
The electron transport chain system plays role in the generation of ATP by:
Chemiosmosis
The synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
Which one of the following is not concerned with oxidative phosphorylation?
Plastocyanin
The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is:
Hydrogen
In which of the following life processes is ATP produced?
➡Photosyntheisis
➡Aerobic respiration
➡Anaerobic respiration
Oxygen plays ____ role in respiration
It is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain
What is the product of the ETC in animals?
Water
Cytochromes are electron transport intermediates containing:
Haem
How do the electron transport intermediates containing:
Chemiosmosis
What is the end product o the ETC in animals?
Water
The final acceptor of electrons in the respiratory chain is?
Oxygen
Cytochrome a is oxidized by which of the following in ETC?
Cytochrome a3
What is the copper-containing protein involved in the ETC in plants?
Pc
Coenzyme Q is oxidized by which coenzyme?
Cytochrome b
Cytochrome b is reduced by:
Coenzyme Q
Cancer cells require large amounts of ATP. Which of the following produces a high number of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation are present on:
Cristae
Electrons from NADH accepted by oxygen form how many ATPs?
3
Electron transport chain occurs in:
➡Inner membrane of mitochondria
➡Thylakoid membrane
Terminal carrier of cytochrome complex present in ETC:
a
NADH is oxidized by:
Co-enzyme Q
A number of ATP molecules used during the preparatory phase of glycolysis:
2
3C=Glyceraldehyde Phosphate
In plants, energy is released during the process of:
Respiration
Water is released during the conversion of:
2-phosphoglycerate➡PEP
Which one of the following represents de-phosphorylation?
Fructose 1,3 bisphoglycerate➡3 phosphoglycerate
Dephosphorylation
Gross production of ATP molecules during glycolysis is:
4
The net gain of energy from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration in prokaryotes is:
38 ATP
(Total=40 ATP
➡2 ATP are used in the preparatory phase
The oxidation of succinate produces:
FADH2
by succinic acid dehydrogenase
Both NADH and FADH2 are formed during:
Krebs cycle
When products of glycolysis pass through Krebs Cycle, they will produce:
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
The precursor of fumarate during the Krebs cycle requires ____ for fumarate synthesis.
Succinate dehydrogenase
Before pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle, it is decarboxylated, oxidized and combined with coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA, carbon dioxide and one molecule of:
NADH
Starting from the end products of glycolysis, how many molecules of CO2 are produced up to the formation of succinate in a single Krebs cycle?
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
3
(➡one molecule is produced by pyruvate oxidation
➡two molecules are produced by the Krebs cycle)
➡Decarboxylation
➡Dehydrogenation
Phosphorylation of ATP during glycolysis occurs via:
Substrate level phosphorylation
Before entering the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate decarboxylated into;
Acetaldehyde
Glycolysis is a breakdown of glucose up to the formation of
Pyruvic acid
In which stage of cellular respiration does glucose break down into two molecules of Pyruvic acid?
Glycolysis
Cellular respiration is sub-divided into four stages. Which one of these does not take place in mitochondria?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in:
Cytosol
Glycolysis:
Produce no ATP
Pyruvic acid is produced as a result of:
Glycolysis
Which of the following is not the end product of glycolysis:
➡Pyruvate❌
➡Oxaloacetate✅
➡ATP❌
➡Reduced NAD❌
Glycolysis is the first phase of cellular respiration. Its products are:
➡2 NADH
➡2ATP
➡2 Pyruvates
Which of the following does occur for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate?
Decarboxylation
Pyruvic acid, the end product of glycolysis, before entering the Krebs cycle is changed into two carbon compounds:
Acetic acid
Acetic acid on entering the mitochondrion unites with co-enzyme-A to form:
Active acetate
Conversion of one pyruvic acid into one acetyl CoA gives off one molecule of:
NADH
The first step in the Krebs cycle is the union of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate to form:
Citrate
At the beginning of Kreb’s cycle, acetyl CoA combines with which substrate to form citrate (6-C)
Oxaloacetate
The product of succinic acid by the action of enzymes is:
Fumaric acid
One molecule of FADH2 is produced in Kreb’s cycle during conversion of;
Succinate to Fumarate
From one pyruvate passing through Kreb’s cycle how many FADH2 molecules are formed?
1
Total NADH formed by one glucose molecule during Kreb’s cycle are:
6
In what stage of aerobic respiration are 2+ carbon molecules oxidized completely to carbon dioxide?
Kreb’s cycle
FADH2 is produced during:
Krebs cycle
Complete the breakdown of glucose molecule takes place in which of the following:
Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis takes place in:
Cytosol
Phosphofructokinase enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate into:
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
What is the coenzyme that facilitates the oxidation of fumarate?
FAD
Where does the first stage of cellular respiration occur?
Cytosol
Acetyl CoA completely is oxidized to carbon dioxide and liberate
➡ATP
➡NADH
➡FADH
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
Which processes can take place in the presence and absence of oxygen;
What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
Oxaloacetate combines with which molecule to enter the Kreb’s cycle again?
Acetyl CoA
Hexokinase plays role in:
Glycolysis
Glucose is converted to ___ before entering the Krebs cycle.
Pyruvate
Hexokinase is the enzyme found in:
➡Glycolysis
➡Pentose pathway
Succinate is oxidized and forms:
FADH2
If a molecule is reduced it gains:
➡Energy
➡Electrons
➡Hydrogen protons
ATP synthase is located in the mitochondria:
Inner membrane
What is the final product of the Krebs cycle:
Oxaloacetate
From one pyruvate passing through the Krebs cycle, how many NADH are formed?
3
Cellular respiration is essentially what type of process:
Redox
What are the products of respiration in plants?
➡CO2
➡H2O
➡ATP
The pay-off phase of glycolysis conserve:
ATP
Fatty acid releases a considerable amount of energy in oxidation during:
Krebs cycle
How many carbons does citrate have in the Krebs cycle?
4
What is formed at the end of the preparatory phase of glycolysis?
➡G3P
➡Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
The end product of the citric acid cycle:
➡CO2
➡H2O
Oxaloacetate contains how many carbon atoms?
4
FADH2 is produced in?
Krebs cycle
Hans Krebs discovered ___.
Citric acid cycle
Phosphofructokinase is inhibited by:
High concentration of ATP
A high concentration of NADH inhibits:
Pyruvate decarboxylase
An Aldo sugar that is intermediate between respiration and photosynthesis?
Glyceraldehyde-3 -Phosphate
G3P is converted into glucose phosphate in:
Chloroplast
An 18-carbon fatty acid is converted into how many acetyl-CoA molecules?
9
Acetyl-CoA has 2 carbon atoms
Deamination of fatty acids takes place in:
Liver
Which is not true for the dark reactions?
➡Does not require light❌
➡It uses ATP❌
➡Also called Z-scheme✅
➡G3P is produced❌
The process in which carbon from CO2 is incorporated into an organic molecule
Calvin Cycle
Which is associated with the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide fixation
The product o the dark reaction is:
G3P
If 12 NADPH are used in the Calvin cycle, then how many glucose molecules will be formed?
One
6➡NADPH forms 1/2 G3P
Calvin cycle is also known as the C3 pathway due to;
Production of 3 carbon 3PGA
For fixing 3 molecules of CO2 in the Calvin cycle, what is needed?
9ATP + 6NADPH2
Plastocyanin protein contains:
Copper
Iron-containing protein is;
Ferredoxin
The NADPH molecule will provide reducing power for the sugar in the:
Calvin Cycle
Which one of the following is not concerned with non-cyclic phosphorylation:
CO@
The products of cyclic phosphorylation are/are:
ATP
The mechanism of photophosphorylation takes place in conjunction with the respiratory chain in the inner membrane of:
Chloroplast
The process by which pH gradient across membrane drives the formation of ATP is:
Chemisoosmis
Thylakoid membranes are involved in ATP synthesis by:
Chemiosmosis
The Calvin cycle is also known as:
C3 Pathway
The dark reaction in photosynthesis occurs in:
Stroma
What is NOT correct about RuBP?
Most abundant protein in nature
Which one is not the phase cycle of the Calvin Cycle?
Phosphorylation
Which of the following are the end products of the light-dependent stage, used in the Calvin cycle to change glycerate 3-phosphate into triose phosphates:
➡NADP
➡ATP
The most abundant protein in the chloroplast is :
Rubisco
Found in the stroma of chloroplast
Which of the following organisms have the greatest problem with photorespiration?
C3 plants
In which stage of photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?
Light independent reaction
The stage of photosynthesis that actually produces sugar is ____.
Calvin cycle
ATP molecules are consumed during which process?
Glycolysis
Molecular oxygen is released during:
Light reactions in photosynthesis
When is sugar formed in photosynthesis?
Light independent reaction
Which one is a light gathering structure?
Antenna complex
The molecular formula of chlorophyll b is:
C55H70O6N4Mg
Light reactonplace in/on:
Thylakoids
Calvin cycle is:
Independent of light
RubisCO converts the addition of ____ RUBP to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
CO2
Location of dark reactions in chloroplast:
Stroma
How many carbon atoms are present in a molecule of RUBISCO?
5
How many carbon atoms are present in Ribulose phosphate?
5
It moves in a cyclic manner in cyclic photophosphorylation:
Electrons
How many molecule/s of carbon dioxide enter the Calvin cycle to produce one molecule of carbohydrate:
3
Which enzyme is found in the thylakoid membrane that facilitates chemiosmosis?
ATP synthase
Out of the 6 molecules of G3P, how many molecules are used to make glucose?
1
What does ATP provide during photosynthesis?
Chemical Energy
Which reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBisCO?
Carboxylation of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Enzymes for light-dependent reactions are present in:
Thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
The water splitting step of photosynthesis is called;
Photolysis
In photosynthesis dark reaction is called so because:
It does not require light energy
How much net gain of G3P is obtained after one Calvin Cycle?
1
Which one of these occurs in dark reactions of photosynthesis?
Synthesis of PGAL
The path of electrons in the two photosystems is called:
Z scheme
The G3P is the end product of:
Calvin cycle
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for ____.
Reduction of NADP
The part of chloroplast where CO2 is fixed to manufacture sugar is?
Stroma
NADPH2 provides one of the following?
Energized electron
The ATP synthesis in plants during the ETC is called:
Photophosphorylation
Which molecule passes the mitochondrial membrane to begin the Krebs cycle?
Acetyl CoA
The most important photosynthetic pigment is
Chlorophyll a
For every three molecules of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle how much G3P is produced?
6
Find out the correct sequence for movement of electrons during the light-dependent reaction;
Water, p680, p700, NADP
Photosystem I absorbs the maximum wavelength of light?
700
Which two reactions occur during photophosphorylation?
ATP is synthesized and NADP is reduced
Photosystems are located in:
Thylakoid membrane
What are the different stages of the Calvin cycle?
➡Carbon fixation
➡Reduction
Carbon dioxide is fixed in:
Dark reaction
The reaction of carbon dioxide and RUBP is catalyzed by:
RuBisCo
Chlorophylls are found embedded in the ____ membranes.
Thylakoid
Where do the light reactions take place?
Thylakoid membrane
Light reaction
The final acceptor of electrons during the non-cyclic electron pathway is:
NADP+
Each photon of light excites how many electrons?
1
Water splits during photosynthesis in/on:
Interior space of thylakoid
NADP+ reductase transfers electrons from:
Ferredoxin to NADP+
Which of the following is the correct sequence for the movement of electrons during non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
Water➡P680➡P700➡NADP+
Which statement is not true about the non-cyclic electron pathway?
Carbon dioxide fixation
NADPH2 is produced in photosynthesis during:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
Z-scheme is another name used for:
Non-Cyclic photophosryaltion
Cooperation of the two photosystems of the chloroplast is required for:
Reduction of NADP+
It is the most energy-rich compound:
NADH
The synthesis of ATP in the presence o oxygen is called:
Oxidative phosphorylation
Where does the molecular mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation take place?
Mitochondria
Photosystem II has molecules which absorb maximum light o;
680nm
The point at which there are no net exchange o gases between leaves and the atmosphere is known as:
Compensation point
if more oxygen is present, the RuBisCO starts:
Photorespiration
Which type of light causes the highest rate of photosynthesis?
Red
About what % of photosynthesis is carried by terrestrial plants, while the rest occurs in ocean, lakes, and ponds
10
Which cells absorb carbon dioxide in lea?
Mesophyll cells
Bacteriochlorophylls do not include which of the following?
➡Chlorophyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Chlorophyll c
The part of chlorophyll molecule that is embedded in the core of the thylakoid membrane is:
Hydrophobic
The electrons from Ferredoxin (Fd) to NADP+ are transferred by which enzyme?
NADP reductase
The molecular formula for chlorophyll a is:
NADP reductase
The molecular formula of chlorophyll a is:
C55H72O5N4Mg
The wavelength of light that the plants mainly absorb:
Red
The first action spectrum was obtained by:
T.W Engelmann
The first action spectrum was obtained by using:
Spirogyra
Organisms used ___ as a source of hydrogen.
Hydrogen sulphide
Water insoluble photosynthetic pigment:
➡Chlorphyll a
➡Chlorophyll b
➡Caretonids
Photosynthesis is absent in:
Mushrooms
