Unit 1

Question 1

The combination of all living things on Earth is the __________

Answer 1

biosphere

Question 2

What type of relationship is it when one animal kills and consumes another

Answer 2

predator/prey relationship

Question 3

Sometimes prey will mimic other organisms as a __________

Answer 3

defense mechanism

Question 4

A parasite host relationship is when the parasite __________ inside the organism and relies on that organism to __________. This only benefits the __________ and harms the __________

Answer 4

lives, survive, parasite, host

Question 5

Pathogens are types of __________ that come from __________ in their host

Answer 5

parasites, disease

Question 6

A symbiotic relationship __________ both organisms or doesn’t affect __________ organism

Answer 6

helps, one

Question 7

In a Mutualistic relationship __________ organisms __________

Answer 7

both, benefit

Question 8

A commensalism relationship is a symbiotic relationship that __________ one organism, but does not affect the other.

Answer 8

benefits

Question 9

__________ occurs when organisms share a limited resource.

Answer 9

competition

Question 10

Dividing up a resource based on the behavior of morphology

Answer 10

Resource Partitioning

Question 11

A keystone species is a species that is __________ __________ to an ecosystem and is relatively __________ in population

Answer 11

very important, low

Question 12

Ecosystem Engineers are a type of Keystone species that create or maintain __________for other __________

Answer 12

habitats, species

Question 13

Many Keystone species are going __________ which will eventually cause the ecosystem to __________

Answer 13

extinct, collapse

Question 14

Geographic region that is characterized by a certain type of climate, plant growth, or any other characteristic

Answer 14

Biome

Question 15

Terrestrial Biomes are any biomes that exist on __________

Answer 15

land

Question 16

Tundra is the cold and __________ biome that has very little __________ vegetation

Answer 16

treeless, growing

Question 17

__________ __________ is the second coldest biome

Answer 17

Boreal Forest

Question 18

Lakes are classified by how __________ they are, and can be divided into serval __________

Answer 18

productive, zones

Question 19

__________ is the least productive zone in a lake due to its low levels of __________ and __________

Answer 19

Oligotrophic, nitrogen, phosphorus

Question 20

__________ is the zone in a lake that has moderate productivity (medium)

Answer 20

Mesotrophic (M for moderate)

Question 21

__________ is the zone that has the highest levels of productivity

Answer 21

Eutrophic (think of Euphoria)

Question 22

__________ Zone is the shallow area of water near a shore where photosynthesis occurs.

Answer 22

Littoral (Kids say the word sit, and they also swim at the shallow end of the pool)

Question 23

__________ Zone is the deeper zone water (cannot support any plants expect for algae)

Answer 23

Limnetic Zone

Question 24

__________ Zone is below the limnetic. Is too deep for sunlight to reach, and therefore supports very few organisms

Answer 24

Profundal. Think of this as Olympic athletes. They are PROS at what they do, its too deep for sunlight to reach because they are swimming underwater, and there are not a lot of them after the first few events which is why it supports very few organisms

Question 25

__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the lake

Answer 25

Benthic (B for bottom)

Question 26

Freshwater Wetlands are submerged enough in water for most or all of the year, are __________ enough to support __________ __________, and are one of the most __________ biomes

Answer 26

shallow, emergent vegetation, productive

Question 27

Salt Marshes are marshes that contain non woody emergent vegetation, often found on the cost in __________climates, and extremely productive biomes for __________and __________

Answer 27

temperate, plants, algae

Question 28

The Intertidal Zones are the narrow bands of coastline between __________ tide and __________tide . During __________ tide the zones are submerged in __________, so conditions are stable(+). Although during __________ tide the water recedes which exposes organisms to __________ conditions (-)

Answer 28

high, low, high, water, low, harsh

Question 29

__________ are Earth's most divine marine biome, and their food source is __________ __________

Answer 29

coral reefs, photosynthetic algae

Question 30

__________ have caused a problem inside coral reefs which cause __________ __________, it is called __________ __________. Algae inside corals die which causes the corals to then die as well.

Answer 30

pollutants, global warming, coral bleaching

Question 31

Coral bleaching is caused by a low __________ __________and high __________ __________ which then causes global warming.

Answer 31

Ocean pH, water temperature

Question 32

The ocean is divided into 3 __________

Answer 32

layers

Question 33

__________ Zone is the layer of the ocean where sunlight can penetrate allowing __________ to occur

Answer 33

Photic, photosynthesis (P for photosynthesis)

Question 34

__________ Zone is where photosynthesis can no longer take place.

Answer 34

Aphotic, (A for abiotic)

Question 35

__________ Zone is the muddy bottom of the ocean

Answer 35

Benthic (B for bottom)

Question 36

Earth is a __________system because matter can never be __________or __________

Answer 36

closed, removed, created

Question 37

Matter moving across Earth in cycles. These cycles are essential for life on Earth.

Answer 37

Biogeochemical cycles

Question 38

What happens when biogeochemical cycles are disrupted?

Answer 38

It causes the matter to get "stuck" or move too quickly hetween stages.

Question 39

Humans disrupt the carbon cycle by extracting them too __________ after realizing fossil fuels can be used for __________ __________. Which can lead to a loss of fossil fuels, and putting more carbon than we need in the atmosphere which is causing global __________ __________

Answer 39

fast, industrial processes, climate change

Question 40

Humans also disrupt the carbon cycle due to __________. Due to the fact that there are fewer plants to absorb than carbon in the atmosphere there is even more carbon stuck in the atmosphere, which can lead to __________ __________

Answer 40

deforestation, global warming

Question 41

The nitrogen cycle is a __________ nutrient that organisms need in order to form amino and nucleic acids (DNA).

Answer 41

macro

Question 42

Nitrogen is a __________ nutrient because it is __________ available than other nutrients. Although __________ can only grow if they have nitrogen

Answer 42

limiting, less, organisms

Question 43

Nitrogen __________ turns nitrogen gas (N2) into a nitrate (NO3) so that plants can use it

Answer 43

Fixation

Question 44

Once nitrogen is in its usable form plants can __________ it or incorporate it into their __________

Answer 44

assimilate, tissues

Question 45

Ammonification is the process of when organisms die __________ break down their __________ and covert the organic__________ back into inorganic __________ . After this the __________ process can begin again.

Answer 45

decomposers, tissues, nitrogen, ammonium, nitrification

Question 46

The final step of the nitrogen cycle is __________ which returns nitrogen back into the __________. During __________ specialized bacteria convert nitrate into __________ __________ (N2O) and then back into nitrogen __________ (N2)

Answer 46

denitrification, atmosphere, denitrification, nitrous oxide, gas

Question 47

Humans impact the nitrogen cycle by putting nitrogen in their __________ which disrupts the balance of the __________ due to __________ nitrogen. This can lead to a __________ in the number of species in an ecosystem.

Answer 47

fertilizers, ecosystem, excess, decrease

Question 48

Phosphorus is really __________ to nitrogen. We need phosphorus for ____ ,______ and ATP, and it is also a __________ macronutrient. Phosphorus only cycles between __________ and __________ -- not the atmosphere. And, phosphorus doesn’t change form like nitrogen it is almost always found as phosphate (PO4).

Answer 48

similar, DNA RNA, limiting, land water,

Question 49

Plants takes in phosphate, and when organisms die, __________ and __________ mineralize phosphate and it goes back into the soil. This is really similar to the nitrogen cycle, but without all of the__________ changes.

Answer 49

fungi, bacteria, chemical

Question 50

The other portion of the phosphorus cycle involves the movement of phosphorus between__________ and __________ . Just like the carbon cycle, this is the slow part of the phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus enters the ocean through __________ or runoff, but it doesn’t dissolve in the water. Instead, phosphorus is deposited in the sediments at the bottom of the ocean.

Answer 50

land, water precipitation

Question 51

a process called __________ __________brings the ocean layers up to become mountains, and the phosphate rocks weather which brings the nutrient into the soil. Phosphate usually clings tightly onto soil, and like we’ve seen before, it doesn’t dissolve easily in water. Therefore, phosphate is a __________ nutrient for __________ ecosystems.

Answer 51

geologic uplift, limiting. aquatic

Question 52

The amount of energy in an ecosystem determines how much energy an ecosystem can support. The amount of energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture is called the __________

Answer 52

gross primary productivity

Question 53

When plants take in sunlight, some of the energy is always lost through respiration, so, the __________ is calculated by subtracting the amount of energy respired from the gross primary productivity.

Answer 53

net primary productivity

Question 54

The water cycle, also known as the __________ cycle, is the most basic of the biogeochemical cycles. It is important to note that water can move other chemicals and matter to where they need to be.

Answer 54

hydrologic

Question 55

In the water cycle heat from the sun causes water to turn into water __________ and rise into the atmosphere. Water down on Earth can go back into the air in two ways: it can __________ from a body of water or the ground, or plants can release water through __________ . All the water that has evaporated or transpired is known as __________

Answer 55

1. vapor 2. Evaporate 3. Transpiration 4. evapotranspiration.

Question 56

Once the water has evaporated into the atmosphere, it comes back down to the Earth in the form of precipitation (rain, snow, etc). There are three different things that can happen when water is returned to Earth. The first is __________ , in which water slides from the land back into a body of water. __________ doesn’t have to be immediate; snow can stay on a mountain for months before it eventually melts and returns to a body of water. The second option is __________. The water will be absorbed by the ground and will become part of the Earth’s groundwater stores. Finally, the third option is that plants can __________ the water and use it for photosynthesis. Plant __________ can also occur as a secondary step after the water has been absorbed by surrounding soil or groundwater.

Answer 56

1 and 2 surface runoff 3. percolation 4. uptake

Question 57

The amount of energy transferred though trophic levels in an ecosystem depends on the rate of __________ __________

Answer 57

primary productivity

Question 58

__________ percent of energy in any trophic level is passed on to the next level

Answer 58

10

Question 59

Any organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis is called an __________ or a __________

Answer 59

1. autotroph | 2. producer

Question 60

__________ and __________ can’t produce their own food

Answer 60

1. consumers | 2. heterotrophs

Question 61

Primary consumers, or herbivores, eat __________

Answer 61

producers

Question 62

secondary consumers eat __________ __________

Answer 62

primary consumers

Question 63

tertiary consumers eat __________ __________

Answer 63

secondary consumers

Question 64

Scavengers, such as racoons and vultures, consume __________ __________

Answer 64

dead animals

Question 65

Detritivores, such as dung beetles, obtain nutrients by breaking down __________ __________ and __________ __________

Answer 65

1. dead tissues | 2. waste products

Question 66

Decomposers, such as worms, are fungi and bacteria that convert __________ __________ into small elements and molecules that can be __________ back into the ecosystem.

Answer 66

1. organic bacteria | 2. recycled